Small Animal Medicine Exam I Flashcards
For animals with GI signs, getting a good history is of the utmost importance to get on the correct diagnostic path. What are some questions you should be asking your clients?
Define dysphasia. List some common causes.
Neurogenic dysphagia can be categorized as ____, ____, or ____.
Prehensile, pharyngeal, or cricopharyngeal
What is prehensile neurogenic dysphagia?
Pharyngeal and cricopharyngal dysfunction/dysphasia usually result in _____.
Define halitosis. List some common causes.
Differentiate between ptyalism and pseudopytalism.
Differentiate between vomiting and regurgitation.
How can we use nausea, retching, the presence of bile, and pH to differentiate between vomiting and regurgitation?
Vomiting is most commonly associated with which other clinical manifestations?
Regurgitation paired with dysphagia should lead to explore for ___ disease.
Regurgitation without dysphagia should lead to explore for ___ disease. List some examples.
What is expectoration?
What is hematemesis?
What is diarrhea? List some different causes for acute and chronic diarrhea.
Describe small intestinal diarrhea in terms of weight loss, polyphagia, frequency of vowel movements, volume of feces, blood in feces, mucus in feces, tenesmsus, and vomiting.
Describe large intestinal diarrhea in terms of weight loss, polyphagia, frequency of vowel movements, volume of feces, blood in feces, mucus in feces, tenesmsus, and vomiting.
List some common causes of chronic large intestinal diarrhea.
____ is considered normal on the purina fecal score.
What is hematochezia? What is it associated with?
What is melena? What is it associated with?
Define tenesmus.
Define dyschezia.
What is constipation?
What is obstipation?
What is fecal incontinence? List some common causes.
What are the different GI related etiologies of weight loss?
Anorexia and hyporexia are common findings in GI disease. Differentiate between the two.
What does abdominal pain look like in the small animal patient?
What is an acute abdomen? List some causes.
List some different causes of abdominal enlargement in the small animal patient.
What is this?
What individual organ s should you be able top identify on abdominal palpation of the dog?
What individual organs should you be able top identify on abdominal palpation of the cat?
How can we increase our visualization of the base of the cat tongue to assess for linear foreign bodies?
A complete physical exam in the dog includes a rectal palpation. What structures should you be able to palpate?
Describe the value of a minimum database for a small animal patient with GI related clinical signs.
Describe the value of a fecal parasite test for a small animal patient with GI related clinical signs.
Describe the value of a bacterial fecal culture for a small animal patient with GI related clinical signs.
Describe the value of an ELISA/IFA/PCR fecal analysis for a small animal patient with GI related clinical signs.
Describe the use of ELISA testing to diagnose parvovirus.
Describe the use of ELISA-SNAP testing to diagnose giardia.
Describe the value of a fecal cytology for a small animal patient with GI related clinical signs.
Identify the pathogen found on a fecal cytology.
Identify the pathogen found on a fecal cytology.
Identify the pathogen found on a fecal cytology.
How do we use serum gastrin as a diagnostic test for GI disease?
How do we use Helicobacter testing as a diagnostic test for GI disease?
How do we use fecal alpha-1 protease inhibitor as a diagnostic test for GI disease?
We use _____ to diagnose EPI.
We use ____ to diagnose pancreatitis.
We use _____ to evaluate/diagnose bacterial overgrowth and intestinal disease.
____ and ____ are two different ways we can use radiography to diagnose GI diseases.
List the contraindications for a GI barium study in a small animal patient.
What is your top differential for this patient?
Describe how we use ultrasonography to diagnose GI disease.
Differentiate between a rigid and flexible endoscope and their usefulness as a diagnostic test for a patient with GI disease.
What are the pros to using endoscopy/colonoscopy to diagnose GI disease?
What are the cons to using endoscopy/colonoscopy to diagnose GI disease?
What are the two main goals (general) of a laparotomy in a patient with GI disease?
Fluids should never be administered _____ since it can cause ____.
Intraperitoneal ; peritonitis (also takes 24-48hrs to absorb)
What distribution of total body water can be found intracellular, extracellular, interstitial and intravascular?
We use fluids in patients with GI disease to address ____, ____, and ____.
_____ such as ____ are known to correct acid-base deficits faster than acidifying fluids like _____.
_____ is a common pathology in chronic GIT disease. How do we address it with fluid therapy?
Differentiate between enteral, parenteral, and SQ fluid administration.
How do we determine the rate at which to administer fluids to our small animal patients?
Daily crystalloid fluids should be calculated based on ____, ____, and ____.
What does 5-6% dehydration look like clinically?
What does 7-8% dehydration look like clinically?
What does 9-10% dehydration look like clinically?
How do we calculate fluid deficit in L?
What are the fluid maintenance needs for a canine or feline patient?
How do we calculate ongoing losses as it relates to vomiting or diarrhea?
What are the appropriate rates for initial resuscitation boluses in canine and feline patients?
If your patient is anorexic or not eating enough, you can prevent hypokalemia by supplement KCl in their fluids. However, you should not add more than ___.
What are some foods that we consider bland and easily digestible for our small animal patients?
Describe hypoallergenic dietary management for GI patients.
What are the indications for an ultra low fat diet for a GI patient?
What are the indications for a low fat diet for a GI patient?
When and why would you consider fiber supplementation in a GI patient?
Differentiate between soluble and insoluble fiber.
How do we calculate basal energy requirements and maintenance energy requirements for our small animal patients?
- Use 1.5 as your adjustment factor
In addition to adjusting the diet, how else can we modify the diet our of GI patients to encourage them to eat?
List the different therapeutics we use as appetite stimulates in our canine and feline patients.
Differentiate between enteral nutrition and tube feeding.
Differentiate between total parental nutrition and partial parental nutrition.
List some of the different peripherally acting antiemetics we use in our GI patients.
List some of the different centrally acting antiemetics we use in our GI patients.
Why do we use antacids? List the major categories.
List the different acid titrating antacid drugs we use in our GI patients.
List the different H2 blocker antacid drugs we use in our GI patients.
List the different proton pump inhibitors antacid drugs we use in our GI patients.
Why do we use intestinal protectants in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
Why do we use pancreatic enzyme supplements in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
Why do we use motility modifiers in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
Why do we use anti-inflammatory or anti-secretory drugs in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
Why do we use immunosuppressive therapies in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
Why do we use antibacterials in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
We use a combination of ____, ____, and _____ for symptomatic Helicobacter gastritis.
Differentiate between a probiotic and prebiotic.
Why do we use enema, laxatives, and cathartics in our GI patients? List the ones we most commonly use.
What is gingivitis/periodontitis? How do we diagnose and treat it?
What is a sialocele? How do we diagnose and treat it?
List the most common benign neoplasias of the canine oral cavity.
List the most common malignant neoplasias of the canine oral cavity.
How do we diagnose, stage, and treat oral neoplasia in the canine oral cavity?
What are some of the different oral neoplasms we may find in the feline oral cavity? Which is most common?
Describe the etiology, lesions, diagnosis, and treatment of feline eosinophilic granulomas.
When it comes to eosinophilic granuloma complex, you should always think of the cause as ____ or ____.
What are some of the causes of primary and secondary stomatitis?
What is the etiology of feline lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis?
How do we diagnose and treat feline lymphocytic-plasmacytic stomatitis?
Describe masticatory muscle myositis as a potential causative agent of dysphasia.
Describe cricopharyngeal achalasia/dysfunction as a potential causative agent of dysphasia.
What is the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for pharyngeal dysphasia?
What is the etiology, clinical signs, and diagnostic tests for congenital megaesophagus?
What is the treatment for congenital megaesophagus? What secondary complication is the primary cause of death for these patients?
What are the different etiologies of acquire megaesophagus? How do we diagnose it?
How do we treat acquire megaesophagus? What secondary complication is the leading cause of death for these patients?
What is the etiology of esophagitis?
What are the clinical signs of esophagitis? How do we diagnose it?
How do we treat esophagitis?
Esophageal stricture is a possibility for up to ___ following an anesthetic/intubation event.
Describe a hiatal hernia as an esophageal pathology.
Describe dysautonomia as an esophageal pathology.
What is happening in this radiograph?
What is a vascular ring anomaly? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Identify the pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the pathology.
Describe the prevalence, clinical signs, sequelae, and diagnose of an esophageal foreign body.
What are the most common locations for an esophageal foreign body?
What is the treatment for an esophageal foreign body?
What are your differentials for this patient?
What is esophageal cicatrix? What is the most common clinical sign and how do we diagnose it?
How do we treat esophageal cicatrix?
What are the most common esophageal neoplasms seen in the dog?
What are the most common esophageal neoplasms seen in the cat?
How do we diagnose and treat esophagus neoplasms in our canine and feline patients?
Identify the anatomy of the stomach.
Identify the anatomy of the stomach.
What key clinical pathology findings would you expect to find in a patient with chronic vomiting versus chronic diarrhea?
Gastritis is a diagnosis of ____. What are the different kinds of gastritis we will encounter clinically?
Describe the prevalence and causes of acute gastritis.
What are the clinical signs of acute gastritis? How do we diagnose it?
When should we consider acute gastritis more severe and pursue intestinal treatment?
What is the treatment for acute gastritis?
Describe the prevalence and key clinical signs/signalment relative to acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome/
How do we diagnose AHDS/HGE?
How do we treat AHDS/HGE?
What is chronic gastritis? What is the most common clinical sign?
How do we diagnose chronic gastritis?
What are your differentials for a patient with chronic gastritis?
How do we use dietary management and supportive therapeutics to treat chronic gastritis?
How do we diagnose and treat Helicobacter-associated disease?
What are the different causes of gastric outflow obstructions?
Describe the causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of pyloric stenosis.
How do we diagnose and treat pyloric stenosis?
Describe the prevalence and most common clinical sign of gastric foreign bodies.
How do we diagnose gastric foreign bodies?
What is the treatment for gastric foreign bodies?
What are the risk factors for a GDV?
Describe the pathophysiology of a GDV.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the radiographic pathology.
How do we diagnose a GDV?
A ___ rotations (GDV) is the most common.
What is the treatment for a GDV?
What should we monitor for in our GDV patients post-operatively?
Describe the cause, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment for bilious vomiting syndrome.
What are the different etiologies of gastrointestinal ulceration/erosion?
What are the clinical signs of GI ulcers/erosions?
How do we diagnose gastrointestinal ulceration/erosion?
What would you expect to find on the abdominal ultrasound of a patient with GI ulcers?
What is the treatment for GI ulcers?
How do we prevent GI ulcers?
What is the most common gastric neoplasia in the dog? What about the cat?
What are the clinical signs of gastric neoplasias?
How do we diagnose gastric neoplasia?
What would you expect to find on the CBC of a patient with gastric neoplasia?
What is the treatment for gastric neoplasia?
What is the etiology of acute enteritis?
What are the clinical signs of acute enteritis?
How do we diagnose acute enteritis?
What are the general treatment options for acute enteritis?
How do we modify diet to treat acute enteritis?
What is the etiology of dietary induced acute diarrhea?
What are the clinical signs of dietary induced acute diarrhea?
How do we diagnose and treat dietary induced acute diarrhea?
What is the etiology of canine parvovirus?
What is the most common cause of canine parvovirus infections? What breeds are most susceptible?
What are the clinical signs of canine parvovirus?
How do we diagnose canine parvovirus?
What is the canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody?
What are some common therapeutic mistakes when it comes to treating GI disease?
In addition to canine parvovirus, what are some other causative agents of viral diarrhea?
List three bacterial causes of diarrhea.
List two fungal causes of diarrhea.
Describe Campylobacter as a causative agent of bacterial diarrhea. What are the clinical signs? How is it diagnosed and treated?
Describe salmonella as a causative agent of bacterial diarrhea. How is it spread? What are the clinical signs and treatment?
Describe clostridium disease as a causative agent of diarrhea. What are the clinical signs? How do we diagnose it?
How do we treat clostridial diarrhea?
Describe histoplasmosis as it affects dogs and cats. What systems does it primarily attack?
How do we diagnose and treat diarrhea secondary to histoplasmosis?
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of whipworms? How do we diagnose and treat them?
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of roundworms? How do we diagnose and treat them?
Describe the public health concern relative to roundworms.
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of hookworms? How do we diagnose and treat them?
Describe the public health concern when it coms to hookworms.
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of tapeworms? How do we diagnose and treat them?
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidia? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Identify the parasites.
Identify the parasites.
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of giardiasis? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Identify the organism (common and scientific name).
What are the clinical signs of trichomoniasis? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Identify the parasites.
Describe the etiology and clinical signs of EPI.
How do we diagnose EPI?
Describe the etiology, clinical signs, and diagnosis of dietary responsive diarrhea.
What is the treatment for dietary responsive diarrhea?
What is the etiology of ARE/dysbiosis?
What are the clinical signs of ARE?dysbiosis? How do we diagnose it?
What is the treatment for ARE/dysbiosis?
Describe the relationship between dietary responsive diarrhea and ARE.
What is the definitive sequence fr therapeutic trails for patients with chronic enteropathies?
What is the etiology of IBD?
What are the clinical signs of IBD? How do we diagnose it?
How do we treat IBD in dogs?
How do we treat IBD in cats?
What is the etiology of intestinal lymphangectasia? What breeds are most susceptible?
What are the clinical signs of intestinal lymphangectasia? How do we diagnose and treat it?
List some of the different kinds of intestinal obstructions we may find in our small animal patients.
How do we determine in the small intestine is distended in the radiograph of a canine abdomen?
How do we determine if the small intestine is distended in the radiograph of a feline abdomen?
Where is an intussusception most likely to occur in the GIT? What patients is it most likely to occur in a what are the clinical signs?
Identify the different layers of the intestine.
If you see this sign on ultrasound, it is indicative of an ______.
Intusussception
What are some different causes of large intestinal inflammation in our small animal patients?
What are the different causes, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatments for acute colitis?
What are the etiologies, diagnostic tools, and treatments for chronic colitis?
What is this and why does it happen?
What is the treatment for a rectal prolapse?
What is this?
What is this?
What is anal sacculitis? How do we treat it?
What are the different types of neoplasias we commonly find in the small intestines?
What are the different types of neoplasias we commonly find in the large intestines?
What are some different causes of constipation?
Identify the main pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the main pathology in this radiograph.
What is the treatment for constipation?
Septic peritonitis is usually caused by _____.
What are the most common causes of septic peritonitis in the dog?
List some of the most common organisms associated with secondary septic peritonitis.
What are the most common causes of septic peritonitis in the cat?
What are the causes/etiologies of primary (spontaneous) bacterial peritonitis in dogs and cats?
When would you expect to see post operative peritonitis clinically? What are some risk factors?
What are the clinical signs of septic peritonitis?
How do we diagnose septic peritonitis?
Identify the main pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the main pathology in this radiograph.
Identify the main pathology.
What would you expect to see on cytology of abdominal fluid from a patient with septic peritonitis?
What is the treatment for primary bacterial peritonitis (PBP)?
What is the treatment for secondary (septic) peritonitis?
What is a hemoabdomen? What are some causes?
The number one cause of nontraumatic hemoabdomens is _____.
Neoplasia (hemangiosarcomas)
Describe hemangiosarcomas as a causative agent of hemoabdomens.
What is abdominal carcinomatosis? What is the primary complaint/clinical sign and cause?
What is the treatment and prognosis for abdominal carcinomatosis?
