Farm Animal Medicine Exam I Flashcards
What questions should we ask when collecting a history for a bovine patient with suspected GI disease?
All 8 incisor of the calf are present by ____. Premolars usually erupt around ____.
What is the dental equation for an immature calf?
What is the dental equation for a mature cow?
When do the central, medial, lateral, and corner incisors erupt in the cow?
What are you assessing during your distance exam of the bovine head and oral cavity?
What are you assessing during your physical exam of the bovine head and oral cavity?
List some potential causes of oral ulcers in the bovine. Of these, which require you to contact a regulatory veterinarian?
What systems are affected by bovine viral diarrhea virus? How is it spread?
Describe vesicular stomatitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe malignant catarrhal fever as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe bluetongue as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe bluetongue as a disease of the ovine oral cavity.
Describe epizootic hemorrhagic disease as a disease of the white tailed deer oral cavity.
Describe bovine papular stomatitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe caustic substances as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe uremia as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe congenital salivary gland diseases as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe acquired salivary gland diseases as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe sialoceles as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe sialodenitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe jaw abscesses as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe osteodystopha fibrosa as a disease of the camelid oral cavity.
Describe neoplasia as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
What are the most common locations to find lymphosarcoma in the bovine?
Describe tooth root infections as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
Describe tongue lacerations as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
What is the etiologic agent, clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatment for wooden tongue?
What is the etiological agent and diagnostic tools for lumpy jaw?
What is the treatment and prognosis for lumpy jaw?
Why do woody tongue and lumpy jaw occur?
Describe the general mechanism of action and averse effects relative to sodium iodide.
Describe necrotic laryngitis as a disease of the bovine larynx.
Describe the etiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment for traumatic pharyngitis in the bovine.
What is choke? Differentiate between complete and partial.
Choke is not always caused by an intraluminal obstruction. List some extraluminal causes.
What are the common sites for choke in the bovine?
How do we use our physical exam and clinical pathology findings to diagnose choke?
How do we treat choke? What is the prognosis?
How can we use a case of choke as an opportunity for client training?
Describe foreign bodies as a cause of bovine pharyngeal disease.
Describe how plants can sometimes be the causative agent of vomiting in small ruminants.
Anytime we examine the mouth of a bovine, you should ALWAYS consider _____.
Identify the different contents that exists in the bovine rumen.
Identify the different contents that exists in the bovine rumen.
Differentiate between the primary and secondary mixing cycles in the rumen.
Describe the normal flora that exist in the bovine rumen.
What are some parameters we measure in ruminal fluid?
What is a normal rumen fluid pH?
How do we use sedimentation/floatation time tests to analyze ruminal fluid?
How do we use methylene blue reduction time to analyze ruminal fluid?
What are the two main categories of bloat in the bovine? What do they have in common?
Use the photos to differentiate between the two kinds of bloat in the rumen.
What are the causes of free gas bloat?
How do we use a stomach tube or trochar to treat free gas boat?
How do we treat free gas boat in the bovine?
What are the causes of frothy boat?
How do we treat frothy bloat?
What is the prognosis for frothy boat, feedlot frothy bloat, and free gas boat?
List some etiologies of boat that would result in a good prognosis.
List some etiologies of boat that would result in a guarded prognosis.
How can we prevent legume frothy bloat?
How can we prevent feedlot boat?
____ bloat tends to occur in groups while ___ bloats are sporadic.
Frothy ; free
____ grass can cause frothy bloat while ___ grass does not increase the possibility.
Young ; wilting
What is hardware disease?
List the clinical signs of hardware disease.
How do we diagnose hardware disease?
Describe the pathophysiology of hardware disease.
What clinical pathology findings would you expect to find in a cow with hardware disease?
Describe the medical treatment for hardware disease.
What is the surgical treatment for hardware disease?
How can we prevent hardware disease? What is the prognosis?
What is some sequels we may see secondary to hardware disease?
What is software disease?
What are the clinical signs of software disease?
Draw out the pathophysiology of lactic acidosis in the bovine rumen.
What are some sequels we may see secondary to rumen acidosis?
What is the treatment for rumen acidosis?
How can we prevent rumen acidosis?
What is simple ruminal indigestion?
Draw out the pathophysiology of simple ruminal indigestion. How do we diagnose it?
What is the treatment for simple indigestion? What is the prognosis?
How can we prevent simple indigestion?
Peritonitis is a secondary complication to different etiologies like _____.
How do we diagnose peritonitis in the bovine?
How do we treat peritonitis in the bovine?
What is vagal indigestion syndrome?
Name the four different classifications of vagal indigestion. What are the key clinical signs?
Describe type I vagal indigestion.
Describe type II vagal indigestion.
Describe type III vagal indigestion.
Describe type IV vagal indigestion.
What are the different treatment options for vagal indigestion?
What are some of different ways we can collect ruminal fluid for transfaunation? Why should it be used ASAP?
The ____ of as little as ____ can cause a significant improvement in the activity of the rumen flora in cows with indigestion and decrease hospital stays.
List some of the different abomasal diseases we may see clinically in the ruminant.
What is the cause of abomasum displacements? Which is more common?
Describe a typical presentation for a cow with an abomasum displacement.
Describe the most common signalment for a cow with a displaced abomasum.
What is the most common timeframe for a left displaced abomasum? What are the clinical signs?
How do we diagnose a LDA?
Where would your expect to hear a left sided ping due to an LDA?
Where would your expect to hear a left sided ping due to a rumen gas cap?
In addition to an LDA or rumen gas cap, what are some other reasons you may hear a left sided ping?
What are some key serum chemistry findings you would expect to find in a left displaced abomasum?
What are the different treatment options for a left displaced abomasum?
Describe the prevalence and clinical signs of an RDA.
What are your differentials for a right sided ping?
If you hear a ping in any one of these locations, what structures would be the problem?
Describe the initial presentation for a patient with a abomasal volvulus/torsion. What are your differentials?
What are the key clinical path findings in a patient with a right displaced abomasal volvulus/torsion?
Why is paradoxical aciduria a complication of abomasal volvulus/torsion?
Why do patients with displaced abomasums become alkalotic?
Describe the pathophysiology of a right displaced abomasum.
What is the treatment for a right abomasal volvulus/torsion?
What is the prognosis for a right abomsal volvulus/torsion?
How do we prevent abomsal displacements?
What other species (other than dairy cattle) are susceptible to a displaced abomasum?
How do cattle get an abomasal fistula?
What are the 4 types of abomsal ulcers we see in cattle?
How do we diagnose abomsal ulcers?
What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulcers? How do we diagnose it?
What are some potential causes of abomasal ulcers in calves?
What is the treatment for abomasal ulcers?
What are the different classes of gastroprotectant therapies we have for ruminants?
Name and describe the different local agent gastroprotectants we have for our ruminant species.
Name and describe the different H2 antagonist gastroprotectants we have for our ruminant species.
Name and describe the different proton pump inhibitors we have for our ruminant species.
Your primary differential for an abomasal ulcer should be _____.
Describe the incidence and treatment for abomasal impactions.
Describe abomasal emptying disease.
List some of the general mechanisms of diarrhea.
Describe the mechanism of malabsorptive diarrhea.
Describe the mechanism of osmotic diarrhea.
Describe the mechanism of diarrhea secondary to hydrostatic pressure.
Describe the mechanism of secretory diarrhea.
Ex: Cholera, E.coli, etc.
Describe the mechanism of diarrhea secondary to motility disorders.
Describe the mechanism of inflammatory diarrhea.
What are the different etiologic agents in neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Noninfectious cause are the most common!!!!!
List some of the different management related causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
How can we maximize colostrum management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
How can we maximize milk replacer management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
How can we maximize calf management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
ATP swabs help determine if there is organic debris and where cleaning efforts should be focused, quick and easy process
How can we maximize organic debris management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
List some of the most significant infectious pathogens in neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves < 5 days?
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves 5-21 days old?
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves 21 days to 2 years old?
What kind of diarrhea will you see with viral agents of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome? How is it spread and how is it diagnosed?
Briefly describe rotavirus as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
Briefly describe coronavirus as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
How do we treat and prevent viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
How do we treat and prevent viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Describe E.coli as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What virulence factors make it a successful pathogen?
Describe the pathophysiology of E.coli neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. How do we diagnose it?
How do we treat and prevent E.coli neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Describe Cryptosporidium parvum as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea. Describe the pathophysiology.
What is flat calf syndrome?
How do we diagnose Cryptosporidium parvum neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
How do we treat Cryptosporidium parvum neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Name the different subtypes of Clostridium perfringens. What kind of disease do they cause?
Describe C. perfringens neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What are some predisposing factors? Describe the pathophysiology.
What is the treatment and prevention for C.perfringens neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Describe Giardia duodenalis as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What kind of diarrhea does it cause?
How do we diagnose Giardia duodenalis neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Hyperkalemia because potassium not in the cell, will move back into the cell once you correct other deficits
What is the treatment for Giardia neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Describe the etiology of salmonellosis diarrhea.
What is the typical route of infection for salmonellosis diarrhea?
Describe the most common and likely hosts for salmonellosis diarrhea.
Describe the pathogenesis of salmonellosis diarrhea.
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis diarrhea?
How to we diagnose salmonellosis diarrhea? Where would you find the pathogen on necropsy?
What is the treatment for salmonellosis diarrhea?
Describe enterohemmorhagic E.coli as a causative agent of diarrhea/
What is the etiologic agent in coccidiosis diarrhea?
Describe the life cycle/pathogenesis of coccidiosis.
What are the clinical signs of GI coccidiosis?
High suspicion with large outbreaks of rectal prolapses
Describe nervous coccidiosis.
How do we diagnose and prevent coccidiosis?
Why is it challenging to treat coccidiosis?
Name the etiological agent of Johne’s disease.
Describe the characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Mention its prevalence and host range.
How is Johne’s disease (MAP) spread?
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Johne’s disease (MAP).
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Johne’s disease (MAP).
How do we diagnose Johne’s disease (MAP)?
Describe stage I Johne’s disease.
Describe stage II Johne’s disease.
Describe stage III Johne’s disease.
Describe stage IV Johne’s disease.
How do we treat and prevent Johne’s disease (MAP)?
Describe the zoonotic potential of Johne’s disease (MAP).
Briefly describe winter dysentery.
Identify the anatomy of the ruminant GIT.
Ostertagia ostertagi have a predilection for the _____ due to the ____.
Abomasum ; acidic conditions and gastric epithelial cells
What do we care about gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle?
Name some of the most common gastrointestinal nematodes found in cattle and their primary predilection site.
Describe the pathophysiology and transmission of O.ostertagi in cattle.
What is type I ostertagiosis?
What is type II ostertagiosis?
List some of the different ways predisposing factors for gastrointestinal nematodes.
Describe C. punctata as a GI nematode of young cattle.
How do we diagnose GI nematodes?
How do we treat GI nematodes?
What is the etiologic agent for most liver abscesses in cattle? When are they most susceptible?
Describe the pathophysiology of liver abscesses in cattle.
How do we diagnose liver abscesses in cattle?
What are the clinical signs of liver abscesses in cattle?
How do we prevent liver absences in the cattle?
Describe tylosin as a mainstay treatment for liver abscesses.
What do we even test for BVDV?
What are some general concepts to keep in mind with BVDV?
What biosecurity protocols do we have in place for BVDV?
What are some factors that influence our choice of BVDV control testing?
Describe how we screen for PI calves with BVDV.
How do we detect/diagnose BVDV?
Describe the vaccinations available for BVDV.
Describe the general distribution of water in the body.
What is the value of the Henderson-Hasselback equation?
Describe the strong ion difference theory.
What is an increased SID?
What is a decreased SID?
List the different types of fluid we have available for fluid therapy in veterinary medicine.
What are some physical exam findings that would indicate dehydration and thus fluid therapy?
What are some diagnostic tests we can use to confirm dehydration and thus supplement fluids?
What is the prominent pH abnormality in calves with diarrhea?
Describe what 6-8% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
Describe what 9-10% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
Describe what 16-45% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
How can we use % dehydration to determine when to supplement oral fluids versus IVF?
What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis in adult cows?
What are some causes of metabolic acidosis in adult cows?
When do we supplement oral fluids in calves? What are the goals of fluid therapy?
In general, how do we deliver oral fluids to adult cattle? What are some big no-nos when it comes to oral fluids?
Describe the typical IVF regiment for neonatal calf diarrhea.
Describe the typical IVF regiment for mature cattle.
Other than oral or IV, what other routes of fluids can we administer to bovine species?
What are some potential complications of fluid therapy?
How do we calcite the total fluid deficit for a large animal patient?
How do we calculate bicarbonate deficits for cows and calves?
How do we calcite daily fluid replacements for our bovine patients?
What are some of the basic guidelines for calf replacement fluids?
Review fluid calculations!!!!
