Equine Medicine & Surgery Exam I Flashcards
____ is our best diagnostic tool for GI disease.
Colic is NOT a ____, but a ____.
Diagnosis ; clinical sign
What are some colic symptoms we may see in the horse?
What is included in a basic colic work up?
How can we use heart rate to differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe colic?
What are some of the different laboratory tests that are useful for a colic work up?
What is the significance of lactate during a colic work up?
What is the significance of glucose during a colic work up?
Severe neutropenia and a diverging PCV/TP is a sign of _____.
Why do we have to place an NG tube in a horse with colic?
When placing an NG tube in a horse, you must pass it through the ____. The best conformation for NG tube placement is _____.
What information can be collected from an NG tube?
How can an NG tube be used as treatment?
What are some possible complications with an NG tube?
What should you prepare in order to perform a successful rectal exam? What is the most severe complication?
List some abnormal findings on a RE.
Why would we perform an abdominocentesis in the horse?
In general, how do we perform an abdominocentesis in the horse?
What information can be obtains from an abdominocentesis? What is considered normal abdominal fluid?
What are some potential complications with an abdominocentesis in the horse?
Describe the general technique and approach to an abdominal ultrasound in the horse.
What is a FLASH? What are the 7 locations?
What information can be obtained from a GI ultrasound?
How can we use a fecal exam as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
How can we use endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
How can we use radiogpahy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
How can we use a biopsy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
How can we use an absorption test as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
What are the first steps to working up and treating a colic case?
___% of all colic cases are medical.
Describe the initial medical treatment you would give to a horse with colic.
When should you considering referring a colic case?
How do you refer a colicking horse?
One of the main determinates to bringing colicky horse to surgery is ____.
Describe the general anatomy of the equine esophagus.
What type of horses are at the highest risk to developing esophageal obstruction or choke?
What should you ask an owner before you decide to treat esophageal obstruction or choke?
What conditions make chokes harder to treat?
What are the clinical signs of esophageal obstruction or choke?
How do we diagnose esophagus obstruction of choke? What two structures MUST you examine during endoscopy?
Describe the general treatment for choke.
What is the prognosis for a horse with coke?
List some complications associated with choke in the horse.
What are some absolute do nots when it comes to choke?
What is going on with the gastric mucosa in this image?
In addition to esophageal obstruction, what other esophageal diseases may you come across?
A ___ meter scope it needed to scope the stomach.
3
Identify the different parts of the the equine stomach.
What is the prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
____ is the most common area for gastric ulcers in the horse.
Margo plicatus
Differentiate between the characteristics of the non-glandular and glandular region of the equine stomach.
Describe the etiology and risk factors of ESGUS.
Describe the etiology and risk factors of EGGUS.
What are the clinical signs of EGUS?
How do we diagnose EGUS?
Identify the kind of gastric ulcers.
Identify the kind of gastric ulcers.
The two main goals of treatment for EGUS is _____.
What are some of the different drugs we use to suppress gastric acid secretion?
What are some of the different drugs we use to protect ulcerated mucosa?
What are some of the different drugs we use to stimulate gastric emptying?
What are some of the different drugs we use to prophylactically prevent gastric ulcers?
Differentiate between gastrogard and ulcergrad.
How do we treat ESGUS?
How do we treat EGGUS?
How do we prevent ESGUS?
How do we prevent EGGUS?
What is acute grain overload? What are the clinical signs?
What are some secondary complications to acute grain overload?
How do we diagnose acute grain overload?
How do we treat asymptotic acute grain overload?What is the prognosis?
How do we treat symptomatic acute grain overload?What is the prognosis?
What is the etiology and clinical signs of gastric dilation and rupture?
How do we diagnose gastric dilation and rupture?
What is the etiology of gastric impaction?
What are the clinical signs of gastric impaction?
How do we treat gastric impaction?
How do we treat gastric impaction?
Describe a Grade 0 EGUS.
Describe a Grade 0 EGUS.
L
Describe a Grade 1 EGUS.
Describe a Grade 2 EGUS.
Describe a Grade 3 EGUS.
Describe a Grade 4 EGUS.
List the structures you should be able to feel on a RE.
List some medical conditions of the small intestine that you may find in equine patients.
List some surgical conditions of the small intestine that you may find in equine patients.
Differentiate between a normal and distended RE when performing a rectal exam and ultrasound.
List out the parts of the small intestine from cranial to caudal.
Describe the etiology and risk factors for duodenitis proximal jejunitis (DPJ).
Describe the pathophysiology of DPJ.
What are the clinical signs of DPJ?
How do we diagnose DPJ?
How do we treat DPJ?
What is the prognosis for a horse with DPJ?
What are some complications associated with DPJ?
What is the etiology and epidemiology associated with equine proliferative enteropathy?
What are the risk factors associated with equine proliferative enteropathy?
Describe the pathophysiology of EPE.
What are the clinical signs of EPE?
How do we diagnose EPE?
How do we treat EPE?
How do we prevent EPE?
Describe the pathophysiology and clinical signs of equine IBD.
What laboratory findings would you expect to find in a horse with IBD? How do we diagnose and treat it?
Describe how you perform an absorption test in the horse.
What are the two main causes of simple intestinal obstructions in the horse?
Describe the etiology, risk factors, and clinical signs of ascarid impaction.
How do we diagnose and treat ascarid impaction in the horse?
___ is the most common site of SI intra-luminal impaction.
Ileum
What is the etiology, risk factors, and clinical signs of ileal impaction?
How do we diagnose and treat ileal impaction? What is the prognosis?
List some medical conditions of the large intestine that you may encounter in the horse.
List some surgical conditions of the large intestine that you may encounter in the horse.
Small intestinal impactions are most commonly from ____ or from ____.
What are the major predisposing factors for pelvic flexure impaction?
What are the clinical signs of pelvic flexure impaction?
What are two typical histories that we tend to hear from clients with horses with pelvic flexure impactions?
How do we diagnose pelvic flexure impaction?
How do we treat pelvic flexure impaction? What is the prognosis?
What are the major predisposing factors to sand impaction?
What are the clinical signs of sand impaction?
How do we diagnose sand impaction?
How do we treat sand impaction?
How do we prevent sand impaction?
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures can be fully exteriorized?
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures can be partially exteriorized?
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures cannot be exteriorized?
Small intestinal lesions are most commonly _____.
What is the primary blood supply to the equine small intestines?
What are the different attachments that fix the equine small intestines?
List some of the different non-strangulating obstructions that we can see with the equine small intestine.
What are the different treatment options for ileal impaction? What is the prognosis?
What are the clinical signs and causes of ileal hyper trophy?
What are the treatment options for ileal hypertrophy?
Name the etiological agent and most common signalment for a patient with ascarid impaction.
How do we diagnose ascarid impaction?
What are the different treatment options for ascarid impaction?
What is the prognosis for ascarid impaction?
List some of the different strangulating obstructions seen in the equine small intestine.
What are the most common clinical signs for a small intestinal strangulating obstruction?
How can we use rectal palpation to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
How can we use ultrasonography to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
How can we use bloodwork to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
How can we use an abdominocentesis to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
Describe the most common signalment for a patient with a strangulating lipoma.
What are the treatment options for a strangulating lipoma?
What is a small intestinal volvulus? What is the most common signalment for an equine patient with small intestinal volvulus?
What are the risk factors and most common locations for small intestinal intussusceptions?
An ____ is the most common intussusception and will cause ____.
What are the treatment options for a small intestinal intussusception?
Describe the risk factors and common signalment for a patient with epiploic foramen entrapment.
How do we diagnose an epiploic foramen entrapment? What is the prognosis?
Describe the most common signalment and history for a patient with an acquired inguinal hernia.
Where would you find an acquired inguinal hernia?
How do we diagnose an acquired inguinal hernia?
What are the treatment options for an acquired inguinal hernia?
Describe the most common signalment and location for a patient with a congenial inguinal hernia.
What are the treatment options for a reducible congenital inguinal hernia?
What are the treatment options for a non-reducible congenital inguinal hernia?
What are the different causes of a mesenteric rent? How do we treat it?
What size umbilical hernia poses the greatest risk? What are the most common clinical signs?
What are the different causes of a diaphragmatic hernia? What herniates?
How do we diagnose a diaphragmatic hernia?
What is the treatment for a diaphragmatic hernia?
Where does the gastrosplenic ligament live? What happens when it tears and how do we fix it?
The basic goals of a small intestine surgery include ____ the small intestines and ___ the lesion.
How much of the small intestine can be safely respected? How much can be tolerated?
What are the different surgical options for a small intestinal RNA? How do we close them?
When would you elect to perform a jejunocecostomy as your RNA approach to the small intestine?
What are the general surgical principals to small intestinal surgery in the equine?
Describe the pathophysiology of small intestinal distention which poses a risk for small intestinal surgery.
Describe ischemia and reperfusion injury as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery.
Describe ileus as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery. How do we diagnose and treat it?
Why do we use lidocaine to treat post-operative ileus in the horse?
Describe adhesions as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery.
What are the indications and causes for a repeat celiotomy following an initial small intestinal surgery?
How can we prevent laminitis as a post operative complication?
What is endotoxinemia?
What are lipopolysaccharides? What do they do to the body?
What are some of the early clinical signs of endotoxemia in the horse?
What are some of the later clinical signs of endotoxemia in the horse?
Endotoxemia is one of the triggers for SIRS. What are the clinical signs of SIRS?
What is the correlation between laminitis and endotoxemia?
What is the treatment for endotoxemia?
What is the prognosis for small intestinal surgeries due to non-strangulating and strangulating lesions?
What does 5% dehydration look like clinically?
What does 7% dehydration look like clinically?
What does 10% dehydration look like clinically?
What does 12% dehydration look like clinically?
What are the goals of fluid therapy?
Describe the emergency phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
Describe the replacement phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
Describe the maintenance phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
How do we approach fluid therapy in a shocky patient?
What are the different IVC locations in a horse?
Describe the use of an over the needle catheter in a horse.
Describe the use of an over the wire catheter in a horse.
What are the different supplies we need to administer IV fluids to a horse?
Describe the traditional IV fluids set up for a horse.
What are the different IV fluids we use in horse?
Describe the effects of hypertonic saline as your choice of IVC for your equine patient.
What are the actions and indications for colloids?
What are the indications and uses of plasma in the hors?
Describe the uses and indications for synthetic colloids in the horse.
What clinical signs do we assess to monitor our patient’s response to IVF?
What lab work do we assess to monitor our patient’s response to IVF?
When do we measure electrolytes and why are they important to monitor?
What is the importance of calcium? How do we measure it?
What are the causes of hypocalcemia? How do we treat it?
Describe the distribution of potassium and the signs of hypokalemia in the horse.
How do we measure potassium in the horse? What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
What are the risk factors for hypernatremia and hyponatremia?
What are the causes and treatment of hypochloremia?
What are the indications for dextrose in a patient’s IVF?
What are the indications for enteral fluid therapy?
What are the advantages of enteral fluid therapy?
How do we administer enteral fluid therapy in a horse?
What do we need to administer enteral fluid therapy in the horse?
List some medical conditions of the large colon that you may encounter clinically.
List some surgical conditions of the large colon that you may encounter clinically.
What’s are the major predisposing factors for a pelvic flexure impaction? What are the two most common histories you would expect to hear?
What are the clinical signs of a pelvic flexure impaction?
How do we diagnose pelvic flexure impaction?
How do we treat pelvic flexure impaction? What is the prognosis?
What are the major predisposing factors for sand impaction?
What are the clinical signs of sand impaction?
How do we diagnose sand impaction?
How do we treat sand impaction?
How do we prevent sand impaction? What is the prognosis?
Describe the diagnostic approach to acute diarrhea in the horse.
Describe the snowball effect to acute diarrhea in the horse. What are some potential secondary complications?
Describe equine coronavirus as a causative agent of acute diarrhea.
Describe the etiology and epidemiology of salmonellosis diarrhea in the horse.
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
How do we diagnose salmonellosis?
How do we treat and prevent salmonellosis?
Describe the etiology and risk factors for Potomac horse fever.
What are the clinical signs of PHF?
How do we diagnose PHF?
How do we treat PHF?
How do we prevent PHF?
Describe the etiology of clostridial diarrhea.
What are the clinical signs of clostridial diarrhea? (Differentiate between foals and adults)
How do we diagnose clostridial diarrhea?
How do we treat clostridial diarrhea?
Describe cyathostomiasis as a causative agent of acute diaries in the horse.
Describe colitis as a causative agent of acute diaries in the horse.
NSAID toxicity is a causative agent of _____ colitis. What are the clinical signs? How do we diagnose it?
Name 3 potential side effects of NSAIDs in the horse. Name 2 conditions in the horse that require heavy NSAID use.
Name and describe some of the different IV fluids we use in the horse.
How do we treat endotoxin in in the horse?
List some infectious causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
List some non-infectious causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
List some non-inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
How do we diagnose chronic diarrhea in the horse?
How do we treat chronic diarrhea in the horse?
List some of the different mechanisms of diarrhea.
What is the primary blood supply to the cecum?
Name the different attachments that suspend the cecum in place.
Name the different taenia that are found on the cecum.
List the different strangulating and non-strangulating lesions of the cecum.
What are the causes of cecal tympany?
Describe the trocharization process of the cecum.
What are the risk factors for a cecal impaction?
What are then clinical signs for a cecal impaction?
Differentiate between a type I and type II cecal impaction.
Describe the medical treatment for a cecal impaction.
Describe the surgical treatment for a cecal impaction.
What are the risk factors for a cecal rupture?
What is the most common signalment and location for a cecal intussusception? What is the etiology?
What are the clinical signs of a cecal intussusception? How do we treat it?
What is the primary bloody supply supply of the large colon? What are the attachments?
Describe the taeniae of the equine large colon.
List the different obstructive and displacement lesions of the equine large colon.
How do we close a pelvic flexure enterotomy?
List the risk factors for a large colon enterolithiasis.
How do we diagnose large colon enterolithiasis?
How do we surgically treat large colon enterolithiasis?
How do we prevent large colon enterolithiasis?
Describe the etiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of right dorsal displacement.
How do we diagnose right dorsal displacements?
How do we treat right dorsal displacements? (Medical/surgical)
Describe the pathophysiology of nephrosplenic entrapment/left dorsal displacement.
What are some of the risk factors for nephrosplenic entrapment?
How do we diagnose nephrosplenic entrapment?
How do we treat nephrosplenic entrapment?
How do we prevent nephrosplenic entrapment?
Describe the pathophysiology of a colon torsion in the horse.
What are the risk factors for colonic torsion?
What are the clinical signs of colon torsion in the horse?
Describe the surgical approach to a colon torsion in the horse.
What is the prognosis for a large intestinal lesions in the horse?
Describe the use of antibiotics as a post operative medication following a large intestinal surgery.
Name the anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic, and gastroprotectants drugs we use following a large intestinal surgery.
Describe the use of fluid therapy in a post-operative horse (following the large colon).
Describe the physical exam monitoring parameters following a large intestinal surgery.
Describe the post-operative feeding plan following the surgical correction of a large intestinal lesion.
Describe the post-operative feeding plan following the surgical correction of a small intestinal lesion.
How quickly can a horse return to exercise following GIT surgery?
List some post operative incisional complications following GIT surgery. What are the risk factors?
Describe adhesions as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
Describe diarrhea as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
Describe peritonitis as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
