Equine Medicine & Surgery Exam I Flashcards
(311 cards)
1
Q
____ is our best diagnostic tool for GI disease.
A
2
Q
Colic is NOT a ____, but a ____.
A
Diagnosis ; clinical sign
3
Q
What are some colic symptoms we may see in the horse?
A
4
Q
What is included in a basic colic work up?
A
5
Q
How can we use heart rate to differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe colic?
A
6
Q
What are some of the different laboratory tests that are useful for a colic work up?
A
7
Q
What is the significance of lactate during a colic work up?
A
8
Q
What is the significance of glucose during a colic work up?
A
9
Q
Severe neutropenia and a diverging PCV/TP is a sign of _____.
A
10
Q
Why do we have to place an NG tube in a horse with colic?
A
11
Q
When placing an NG tube in a horse, you must pass it through the ____. The best conformation for NG tube placement is _____.
A
12
Q
What information can be collected from an NG tube?
A
13
Q
How can an NG tube be used as treatment?
A
14
Q
What are some possible complications with an NG tube?
A
15
Q
What should you prepare in order to perform a successful rectal exam? What is the most severe complication?
A
16
Q
List some abnormal findings on a RE.
A
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
Why would we perform an abdominocentesis in the horse?
A
20
Q
In general, how do we perform an abdominocentesis in the horse?
A
21
Q
What information can be obtains from an abdominocentesis? What is considered normal abdominal fluid?
A
22
Q
What are some potential complications with an abdominocentesis in the horse?
A
23
Q
A
24
Q
Describe the general technique and approach to an abdominal ultrasound in the horse.
A
25
What is a FLASH? What are the 7 locations?
26
What information can be obtained from a GI ultrasound?
27
28
How can we use a fecal exam as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
29
How can we use endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
30
How can we use radiogpahy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
31
How can we use a biopsy as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
32
How can we use an absorption test as a diagnostic tool for GI disease in the horse?
33
What are the first steps to working up and treating a colic case?
34
___% of all colic cases are medical.
35
Describe the initial medical treatment you would give to a horse with colic.
36
When should you considering referring a colic case?
37
How do you refer a colicking horse?
38
One of the main determinates to bringing colicky horse to surgery is ____.
39
Describe the general anatomy of the equine esophagus.
40
What type of horses are at the highest risk to developing esophageal obstruction or choke?
41
What should you ask an owner before you decide to treat esophageal obstruction or choke?
42
What conditions make chokes harder to treat?
43
What are the clinical signs of esophageal obstruction or choke?
44
How do we diagnose esophagus obstruction of choke? What two structures MUST you examine during endoscopy?
45
Describe the general treatment for choke.
46
What is the prognosis for a horse with coke?
47
List some complications associated with choke in the horse.
48
What are some absolute do nots when it comes to choke?
49
What is going on with the gastric mucosa in this image?
50
In addition to esophageal obstruction, what other esophageal diseases may you come across?
51
A ___ meter scope it needed to scope the stomach.
3
52
Identify the different parts of the the equine stomach.
53
What is the prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome?
54
____ is the most common area for gastric ulcers in the horse.
Margo plicatus
55
Differentiate between the characteristics of the non-glandular and glandular region of the equine stomach.
56
Describe the etiology and risk factors of ESGUS.
57
Describe the etiology and risk factors of EGGUS.
58
What are the clinical signs of EGUS?
59
How do we diagnose EGUS?
60
Identify the kind of gastric ulcers.
61
Identify the kind of gastric ulcers.
62
The two main goals of treatment for EGUS is _____.
63
What are some of the different drugs we use to suppress gastric acid secretion?
64
What are some of the different drugs we use to protect ulcerated mucosa?
65
What are some of the different drugs we use to stimulate gastric emptying?
66
What are some of the different drugs we use to prophylactically prevent gastric ulcers?
67
Differentiate between gastrogard and ulcergrad.
68
How do we treat ESGUS?
69
How do we treat EGGUS?
70
How do we prevent ESGUS?
71
How do we prevent EGGUS?
72
What is acute grain overload? What are the clinical signs?
73
What are some secondary complications to acute grain overload?
74
How do we diagnose acute grain overload?
75
How do we treat asymptotic acute grain overload?What is the prognosis?
76
How do we treat symptomatic acute grain overload?What is the prognosis?
77
What is the etiology and clinical signs of gastric dilation and rupture?
78
How do we diagnose gastric dilation and rupture?
79
What is the etiology of gastric impaction?
80
What are the clinical signs of gastric impaction?
81
How do we treat gastric impaction?
82
How do we treat gastric impaction?
83
84
85
Describe a Grade 0 EGUS.
86
Describe a Grade 0 EGUS.
L
87
Describe a Grade 1 EGUS.
88
Describe a Grade 2 EGUS.
89
Describe a Grade 3 EGUS.
90
Describe a Grade 4 EGUS.
91
List the structures you should be able to feel on a RE.
92
List some medical conditions of the small intestine that you may find in equine patients.
93
List some surgical conditions of the small intestine that you may find in equine patients.
94
Differentiate between a normal and distended RE when performing a rectal exam and ultrasound.
95
List out the parts of the small intestine from cranial to caudal.
96
Describe the etiology and risk factors for duodenitis proximal jejunitis (DPJ).
97
Describe the pathophysiology of DPJ.
98
What are the clinical signs of DPJ?
99
How do we diagnose DPJ?
100
How do we treat DPJ?
101
What is the prognosis for a horse with DPJ?
102
What are some complications associated with DPJ?
103
What is the etiology and epidemiology associated with equine proliferative enteropathy?
104
What are the risk factors associated with equine proliferative enteropathy?
105
Describe the pathophysiology of EPE.
106
What are the clinical signs of EPE?
107
How do we diagnose EPE?
108
How do we treat EPE?
109
How do we prevent EPE?
110
Describe the pathophysiology and clinical signs of equine IBD.
111
What laboratory findings would you expect to find in a horse with IBD? How do we diagnose and treat it?
112
Describe how you perform an absorption test in the horse.
113
What are the two main causes of simple intestinal obstructions in the horse?
114
Describe the etiology, risk factors, and clinical signs of ascarid impaction.
115
How do we diagnose and treat ascarid impaction in the horse?
116
___ is the most common site of SI intra-luminal impaction.
Ileum
117
What is the etiology, risk factors, and clinical signs of ileal impaction?
118
How do we diagnose and treat ileal impaction? What is the prognosis?
119
120
List some medical conditions of the large intestine that you may encounter in the horse.
121
List some surgical conditions of the large intestine that you may encounter in the horse.
122
Small intestinal impactions are most commonly from ____ or from ____.
123
What are the major predisposing factors for pelvic flexure impaction?
124
What are the clinical signs of pelvic flexure impaction?
125
What are two typical histories that we tend to hear from clients with horses with pelvic flexure impactions?
126
How do we diagnose pelvic flexure impaction?
127
How do we treat pelvic flexure impaction? What is the prognosis?
128
What are the major predisposing factors to sand impaction?
129
What are the clinical signs of sand impaction?
130
How do we diagnose sand impaction?
131
How do we treat sand impaction?
132
How do we prevent sand impaction?
133
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures can be fully exteriorized?
134
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures can be partially exteriorized?
135
During your surgical exploration of the equine abdomen, which structures cannot be exteriorized?
136
Small intestinal lesions are most commonly _____.
137
What is the primary blood supply to the equine small intestines?
138
What are the different attachments that fix the equine small intestines?
139
List some of the different non-strangulating obstructions that we can see with the equine small intestine.
140
What are the different treatment options for ileal impaction? What is the prognosis?
141
What are the clinical signs and causes of ileal hyper trophy?
142
What are the treatment options for ileal hypertrophy?
143
Name the etiological agent and most common signalment for a patient with ascarid impaction.
144
How do we diagnose ascarid impaction?
145
What are the different treatment options for ascarid impaction?
146
What is the prognosis for ascarid impaction?
147
List some of the different strangulating obstructions seen in the equine small intestine.
148
What are the most common clinical signs for a small intestinal strangulating obstruction?
149
How can we use rectal palpation to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
150
How can we use ultrasonography to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
151
How can we use bloodwork to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
152
How can we use an abdominocentesis to diagnose a small intestine strangulating obstruction?
153
Describe the most common signalment for a patient with a strangulating lipoma.
154
What are the treatment options for a strangulating lipoma?
155
What is a small intestinal volvulus? What is the most common signalment for an equine patient with small intestinal volvulus?
156
What are the risk factors and most common locations for small intestinal intussusceptions?
157
An ____ is the most common intussusception and will cause ____.
158
What are the treatment options for a small intestinal intussusception?
159
Describe the risk factors and common signalment for a patient with epiploic foramen entrapment.
160
How do we diagnose an epiploic foramen entrapment? What is the prognosis?
161
Describe the most common signalment and history for a patient with an acquired inguinal hernia.
162
Where would you find an acquired inguinal hernia?
163
How do we diagnose an acquired inguinal hernia?
164
What are the treatment options for an acquired inguinal hernia?
165
Describe the most common signalment and location for a patient with a congenial inguinal hernia.
166
What are the treatment options for a reducible congenital inguinal hernia?
167
What are the treatment options for a non-reducible congenital inguinal hernia?
168
What are the different causes of a mesenteric rent? How do we treat it?
169
What size umbilical hernia poses the greatest risk? What are the most common clinical signs?
170
What are the different causes of a diaphragmatic hernia? What herniates?
171
How do we diagnose a diaphragmatic hernia?
172
What is the treatment for a diaphragmatic hernia?
173
Where does the gastrosplenic ligament live? What happens when it tears and how do we fix it?
174
The basic goals of a small intestine surgery include ____ the small intestines and ___ the lesion.
175
How much of the small intestine can be safely respected? How much can be tolerated?
176
What are the different surgical options for a small intestinal RNA? How do we close them?
177
When would you elect to perform a jejunocecostomy as your RNA approach to the small intestine?
178
What are the general surgical principals to small intestinal surgery in the equine?
179
Describe the pathophysiology of small intestinal distention which poses a risk for small intestinal surgery.
180
Describe ischemia and reperfusion injury as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery.
181
Describe ileus as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery. How do we diagnose and treat it?
182
Why do we use lidocaine to treat post-operative ileus in the horse?
183
Describe adhesions as a post operative complication to small intestinal surgery.
184
What are the indications and causes for a repeat celiotomy following an initial small intestinal surgery?
185
How can we prevent laminitis as a post operative complication?
186
What is endotoxinemia?
187
What are lipopolysaccharides? What do they do to the body?
188
What are some of the early clinical signs of endotoxemia in the horse?
189
What are some of the later clinical signs of endotoxemia in the horse?
190
Endotoxemia is one of the triggers for SIRS. What are the clinical signs of SIRS?
191
What is the correlation between laminitis and endotoxemia?
192
What is the treatment for endotoxemia?
193
What is the prognosis for small intestinal surgeries due to non-strangulating and strangulating lesions?
194
What does 5% dehydration look like clinically?
195
What does 7% dehydration look like clinically?
196
What does 10% dehydration look like clinically?
197
What does 12% dehydration look like clinically?
198
What are the goals of fluid therapy?
199
Describe the emergency phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
200
Describe the replacement phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
201
Describe the maintenance phase of fluid therapy for a horse.
202
How do we approach fluid therapy in a shocky patient?
203
What are the different IVC locations in a horse?
204
Describe the use of an over the needle catheter in a horse.
205
Describe the use of an over the wire catheter in a horse.
206
What are the different supplies we need to administer IV fluids to a horse?
207
Describe the traditional IV fluids set up for a horse.
208
What are the different IV fluids we use in horse?
209
Describe the effects of hypertonic saline as your choice of IVC for your equine patient.
210
What are the actions and indications for colloids?
211
What are the indications and uses of plasma in the hors?
212
Describe the uses and indications for synthetic colloids in the horse.
213
What clinical signs do we assess to monitor our patient’s response to IVF?
214
What lab work do we assess to monitor our patient’s response to IVF?
215
When do we measure electrolytes and why are they important to monitor?
216
What is the importance of calcium? How do we measure it?
217
What are the causes of hypocalcemia? How do we treat it?
218
Describe the distribution of potassium and the signs of hypokalemia in the horse.
219
How do we measure potassium in the horse? What is the treatment for hypokalemia?
220
What are the risk factors for hypernatremia and hyponatremia?
221
What are the causes and treatment of hypochloremia?
222
What are the indications for dextrose in a patient’s IVF?
223
What are the indications for enteral fluid therapy?
224
What are the advantages of enteral fluid therapy?
225
How do we administer enteral fluid therapy in a horse?
226
What do we need to administer enteral fluid therapy in the horse?
227
List some medical conditions of the large colon that you may encounter clinically.
228
List some surgical conditions of the large colon that you may encounter clinically.
229
What’s are the major predisposing factors for a pelvic flexure impaction? What are the two most common histories you would expect to hear?
230
What are the clinical signs of a pelvic flexure impaction?
231
How do we diagnose pelvic flexure impaction?
232
How do we treat pelvic flexure impaction? What is the prognosis?
233
What are the major predisposing factors for sand impaction?
234
What are the clinical signs of sand impaction?
235
How do we diagnose sand impaction?
236
How do we treat sand impaction?
237
How do we prevent sand impaction? What is the prognosis?
238
Describe the diagnostic approach to acute diarrhea in the horse.
239
Describe the snowball effect to acute diarrhea in the horse. What are some potential secondary complications?
240
Describe equine coronavirus as a causative agent of acute diarrhea.
241
Describe the etiology and epidemiology of salmonellosis diarrhea in the horse.
242
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
243
How do we diagnose salmonellosis?
244
How do we treat and prevent salmonellosis?
245
Describe the etiology and risk factors for Potomac horse fever.
246
What are the clinical signs of PHF?
247
How do we diagnose PHF?
248
How do we treat PHF?
249
How do we prevent PHF?
250
Describe the etiology of clostridial diarrhea.
251
What are the clinical signs of clostridial diarrhea? (Differentiate between foals and adults)
252
How do we diagnose clostridial diarrhea?
253
How do we treat clostridial diarrhea?
254
Describe cyathostomiasis as a causative agent of acute diaries in the horse.
255
Describe colitis as a causative agent of acute diaries in the horse.
256
NSAID toxicity is a causative agent of _____ colitis. What are the clinical signs? How do we diagnose it?
257
Name 3 potential side effects of NSAIDs in the horse. Name 2 conditions in the horse that require heavy NSAID use.
258
Name and describe some of the different IV fluids we use in the horse.
259
How do we treat endotoxin in in the horse?
260
List some infectious causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
261
List some non-infectious causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
262
List some non-inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea in the horse.
263
How do we diagnose chronic diarrhea in the horse?
264
How do we treat chronic diarrhea in the horse?
265
List some of the different mechanisms of diarrhea.
266
What is the primary blood supply to the cecum?
267
Name the different attachments that suspend the cecum in place.
268
Name the different taenia that are found on the cecum.
269
List the different strangulating and non-strangulating lesions of the cecum.
270
What are the causes of cecal tympany?
271
Describe the trocharization process of the cecum.
272
What are the risk factors for a cecal impaction?
273
What are then clinical signs for a cecal impaction?
274
Differentiate between a type I and type II cecal impaction.
275
Describe the medical treatment for a cecal impaction.
276
Describe the surgical treatment for a cecal impaction.
277
What are the risk factors for a cecal rupture?
278
What is the most common signalment and location for a cecal intussusception? What is the etiology?
279
What are the clinical signs of a cecal intussusception? How do we treat it?
280
What is the primary bloody supply supply of the large colon? What are the attachments?
281
Describe the taeniae of the equine large colon.
282
List the different obstructive and displacement lesions of the equine large colon.
283
How do we close a pelvic flexure enterotomy?
284
List the risk factors for a large colon enterolithiasis.
285
How do we diagnose large colon enterolithiasis?
286
How do we surgically treat large colon enterolithiasis?
287
How do we prevent large colon enterolithiasis?
288
Describe the etiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of right dorsal displacement.
289
How do we diagnose right dorsal displacements?
290
How do we treat right dorsal displacements? (Medical/surgical)
291
Describe the pathophysiology of nephrosplenic entrapment/left dorsal displacement.
292
What are some of the risk factors for nephrosplenic entrapment?
293
How do we diagnose nephrosplenic entrapment?
294
How do we treat nephrosplenic entrapment?
295
How do we prevent nephrosplenic entrapment?
296
Describe the pathophysiology of a colon torsion in the horse.
297
What are the risk factors for colonic torsion?
298
What are the clinical signs of colon torsion in the horse?
299
Describe the surgical approach to a colon torsion in the horse.
300
What is the prognosis for a large intestinal lesions in the horse?
301
Describe the use of antibiotics as a post operative medication following a large intestinal surgery.
302
Name the anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic, and gastroprotectants drugs we use following a large intestinal surgery.
303
Describe the use of fluid therapy in a post-operative horse (following the large colon).
304
Describe the physical exam monitoring parameters following a large intestinal surgery.
305
Describe the post-operative feeding plan following the surgical correction of a large intestinal lesion.
306
Describe the post-operative feeding plan following the surgical correction of a small intestinal lesion.
307
How quickly can a horse return to exercise following GIT surgery?
308
List some post operative incisional complications following GIT surgery. What are the risk factors?
309
Describe adhesions as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
310
Describe diarrhea as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
311
Describe peritonitis as a post-operative complication following GIT surgery.
