Small Animal Disease Flashcards
What type of virus is a rabies virus?
A rhabdovirus.
What species are susceptible to the rabies virus?
Mammals.
What 5 animals are reservoirs for rabies?
- Coyotes.
- Bats.
- Raccoons.
- Skunks.
- Foxes.
What are the 2 prevention methods used for rabies?
- A killed vaccine.
- A recombinant vaccine.
How is rabies diagnosed?
Post-mortem exam of the brain.
Where is rabies found/excreted?
In the saliva (eventually) and nervous tissue.
How is rabies transmitted?
Through a bite (usually) or a scratch (possibly if an animal groomed its paws).
What is the incubation period for rabies?
2-3 weeks to a year. Depends on the location of the bite (Tail v. neck) and the size of the animal (Large takes longer than small if bitten in the same location).
What is the progression of rabies clinical signs?
1-3 days: Abnormal behavior (Chew at wound, wander, nervous, apprehensive).
3-4 days: Excitatory/furious form or paralytic/dumb form.
What is the treatment for rabies?
There is no treatment for rabies in animals, other than a booster Vx. There is a post-exposure Vx series available for humans.
What is the prognosis for rabies?
Fatal once clinical signs are shown.
Is rabies zoonotic?
Yes.
What is the cause of canine distemper?
A paramyxovirus.
What 4 animals are susceptible to canine distemper?
- Skunks.
- Ferrets.
- Raccoons.
- Dogs/canids.
What are the 5 reservoir animals for canine distemper?
- Domestic and wild canids.
- Skunks.
- Otters.
- Weasels.
- Raccoons.
How do most clinical signs of canine distemper manifest?
In a subclinical manner.
What are the 4 clinical signs of a mild case of canine distemper?
- URT signs.
- Fever.
- Mild depression.
- Decreased appetite.
What are 4 clinical signs of a severe case of canine distemper?
- The mild symptoms, just worse.
- Anorexia.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea (+/- blood).
What are other clinical signs of canine distemper that may manifest?
- Old-dog encephalitis (as a result of having recovered from canine distemper).
- Abortion in pregnant dogs.
- Hyperkeratosis on the nasal planum and foot pads.
- Dry eye.
- Poor tooth enamel (pitted enamel).
- Neurologic dysfunction (1-3 weeks after resolution of mild or severe symptoms).
How is canine distemper diagnosed?
Based on the signalment, Hx, and clinical signs. Although, antibodies can be detected in conjunctival and respiratory secretions.
Where is canine distemper found/excreted?
All secretions, but primarily respiratory ones.
How is canine distemper transmitted?
Direct contact.
What are the treatment options for canine distemper?
Supportive and symptomatic treatments.
What is the prognosis for canine distemper?
Variable.
How is canine distemper contraction prevented?
- MLV Vx.
- Recombinant Vx.
Is canine distemper zoonotic?
No.
What is the causative agent for infectious canine hepatitis?
Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV1).
What species is susceptible to infectious canine hepatitis?
Dogs.
What are the 8 clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis?
- Blue eyes due to corneal edema.
- Bleeding disorders (liver damage prevents clotting factor synthesis).
- Hepatitis.
- Respiratory signs.
- Fever.
- Glomerulonephritis.
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
*Can be asymptomatic, often followed by peracute death.
How is infectious canine hepatitis diagnosed?
Lab tests, such as PCR.
Where is infectious canine hepatitis found/excreted?
Urine and respiratory tract secretions.
How is infectious canine hepatitis transmitted?
Orally, nasopharyngeal exposure, or conjunctival exposure.
How is infectious canine hepatitis treated?
Through supportive and symptomatic care.
What is the prognosis for infectious canine hepatitis in young dogs (9-12 weeks)?
30-40% mortality rate.
How is infectious canine hepatitis contraction prevented?
MLV CAV-2.
Is infectious canine hepatitis zoonotic?
No.
What is the causative agent for canine parvovirus?
Canine parvovirus type 2 and 2b.
What species is susceptible to canine parvovirus?
Dogs. Certain strains can affect cats.
What 2 dog breeds are particularly susceptible to canine parvovirus?
- Rottweilers.
- Dobermans.
What are the 6 clinical signs of canine parvovirus?
- Fever.
- Septic shock.
- Myocarditis.
- Severe Diarrhea.
- Severe Vomiting.
- Death.
*Symptoms can be subclinical.
How is parvovirus diagnosed?
An in-house fecal antigen test.
Where is canine parvovirus excreted/found?
In feces and vomitus.
How is canine parvovirus transmitted?
- Fecal-oral.
- In utero.
How is a room disinfected after holding an animal that was infected by parvovirus?
1:30 bleach solution for > 2 minutes.
How is canine parvovirus treated?
Supportive and symptomatic care, +/- antiviral drugs.
What is the prognosis for canine parvovirus?
50% mortality.
Is canine parvovirus zoonotic?
No.
What are the 3 causative agents of kennel cough?
- Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2).
- Parainfluenza.
- Bordetella bronchiseptica.
What species is susceptible to kennel cough?
Dogs.
What is the clinical sign of kennel cough?
A loud, raspy, honking, persistent cough.
How is kennel cough diagnosed?
- Hx.
- Clinical signs.
- Nasopharyngeal PCR.
Where is kennel cough excreted/found?
Respiratory secretions.
How is kennel cough transmitted?
Inhalation, whether through nose-to-nose contact or inhaling particles from a cough.
How is kennel cough treated?
Symptomatically.
What is the prognosis for kennel cough?
Excellent.
How is kennel cough contraction prevented?
An injectable, intranasal, or oral vaccine.
Is kennel cough zoonotic?
No.
What is the causative agent of leptospirosis?
Leptospira spp., a spirochete bacteria with 180 serovars.
What 4 species are susceptible to leptospirosis?
- Humans.
- Cats.
- Dogs.
- Many other mammals (ex: Cattle, rodents).
What 4 species are reservoirs for leptospirosis?
- Cattle.
- Rats.
- Dogs (chronic carriers).
- Many forms of wildlife.
Where is leptospirosis found?
In damp, warm environments (soil, some food, standing water, urinary tracts, etc.) where the bacteria can survive for weeks.
What are the 4 clinical signs of leptospirosis?
- Renal failure.
- Uveitis.
- Hepatic failure.
- Bacteremia.
*May be subclinical to chronic.
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
- Urine culture.
- Serology.
How is leptospirosis excreted from the body?
In the urine.
How is leptospirosis transmitted?
Ingestion of the organism through drinking contaminated water or penetration of the mucous membranes or broken skin.
How is leptospirosis treated?
Supportive care and antibiotics.
What is the prognosis for leptospirosis?
Variable.
How is leptospirosis contraction prevented?
4-way injectable killed vaccine.
Is leptospirosis zoonotic?
Yes.
What is the causative agent of feline panleukopenia?
A type of parvovirus.
What are the 4 reservoirs for feline panleukopenia?
- Fox.
- Raccoon.
- Skunk.
- Bat.
What are the 7 clinical signs of feline panleukopenia?
- Lethargy.
- Fever.
- Anorexia.
- Diarrhea.
- Vomiting.
- Dehydration.
- Sudden death.
- Cerebellar hypoplasia*.
- Vision problems*.
*Results from an infection in utero only.
How is feline panleukopenia diagnosed?
- Clinical signs.
- Low white blood cell count.
*No ELISA test exists.
Where is feline panleukopenia excreted/found?
In feces.
How is feline panleukopenia transmitted?
- Fecal-oral.
- Inhalation.
- In-utero.
How long is the incubation of feline panleukopenia?
From 2-3 weeks to a year.
How is feline panleukopenia treated?
Symptomatically and supportively.
What is the prognosis for feline panleukopenia?
Variable.
How is feline panleukopenia prevented?
A MLV injectable vaccine.
What is the causative agent for feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR)?
A herpesvirus.
What are the clinical signs of FVR?
- Sneezing.
- Rhinitis.
- Conjunctivitis.
- Ulcerative keratitis.
- Fever.
How is FVR diagnosed?
Nasopharyngeal and/or conjunctival swab(s) for PCR, Hx, clinical signs.
Where is FVR excreted/found?
Respiratory secretions.
How is FVR transmitted?
- Direct contact.
- Via fomites.
How is FVR treated?
- Symptomatic care (clearing nasal secretions).
- Supportive care (Hydration and nutrition).
- Drug therapy (L-lysine).
What is the prognosis for FVR?
Good, but many cats are lifelong carriers.
How is FVR prevented?
- MLV.
- Recombinant, inactivated vaccine.
Is FVR zoonotic?
No.
What are the clinical signs of calicivirus?
- Sneezing.
- Rhinitis.
- Fever.
- Conjunctivitis.
- Oral ulcers.
How is calicivirus diagnosed?
Nasopharyngeal and/or conjunctival swab for PCR, Hx, clinical presentation.
Where is calicivirus excreted/found?
Respiratory secretions.
How is calicivirus transmitted?
- Direct contact.
- Via fomites.
How is calicivirus treated?
- Symptomatic care (Clearing nasal secretions).
- Supportive care (Hydration and nutrition).
- Drug therapy (Pain management for the mouth sores, making it less painful for the cat to eat).
What is the prognosis for calicivirus?
Good, but many cats are lifelong carriers.
How is calicivirus prevented?
- MLV.
- Recombinant, inactivated vaccine.
Is calicivirus zoonotic?
No.
What is the alternative name for Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
Friendly cat disease.
What is the causative agent of FeLV?
A retrovirus.
What are the clinical signs for FeLV?
- Anemia.
- Development of lymphomas and leukemias.
- Variable due to immunosuppression.
How is FeLV diagnosed?
By an in-house ANTIGEN test.
Where is FeLV secreted/found?
Nasal secretions and saliva.
How is FeLV transmitted?
Close cat-to-cat contact (grooming each other, sharing food and water), perinatal infection, bite wounds.
How is FeLV treated?
- Symptomatically.
- Supportively.
- Therapy for secondary infections.
What is the prognosis for a FeLV positive cat with transient viremia?
30% mortality rate, may clear the virus.
What is the prognosis for a FeLV positive cat that remains persistently viremic?
30% mortality rate.
What is the prognosis for an FeLV positive cat with a sequestered or latent infection?
40% mortality rate.
How is FeLV prevented?
- Recombinant vaccine (Injectable).
- Recombinant vaccine (transdermal).
- Inactivated vaccine (injectable).
Is FeLV zoonotic?
No.
What are the 2 alternate name for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
- Fighting cat disease.
- Feline AIDS.
What is the causative agent of FIV?
A retrovirus.
What are the clinical signs of FIV?
Highly variable due to immunosuppression.
How is FIV diagnosed?
An in-house ANTIBODY test.
Where is FIV excreted/found?
Saliva and blood.
How is FIV transmitted?
- Fighting injuries.
- Bite wounds.
- Transmammary.
How is FIV treated?
Symptomatically and supportively.
What is the prognosis for FIV?
Cats can live for months-years.
How is FIV prevented?
There is a vaccine available, but it is rarely given. If given, the cat will always test positive. Microchipping a cat that has been given the vaccine is highly recommended to prevent a shelter from euthanizing it if it ever escaped.
Is FIV zoonotic?
No.
