SMAD 101: Exam 3 Flashcards
What did Bell change on Edison’s phonograph?
replaced tin with beeswax cylinders & put loose stylus so it goes across wax easier -> graphophone
What did Emile Berliner create?
Gramophone -> got rid of cylinders in graphophone - used flat shellac discs
What is the Victrola?
Victor Recording Industry + RCA –> attatched a motor to gramophone
William Paley
got money from cigar market and used it to start CBS (Columbia Broadcast System)
Early Recording Industry: Recording Formats
78 RPMs & 33 1/3 RPMs (long-play records)
Define RIAA
Record Institution Association of America - when you download stuff illegally
Music Business: Big 4 Labels
Sony, BMG, Vivendi/Universal, Warner Bros.
Define PMRC
Parent’s Music Resource Center - created by Tipper Gore
Define Sonny Bono Extension Act of 1988
Change copyright law from life +50 to life +70
Define the Disney Law
aka Home Recording Act (1990) - If you bought music, you can make ONE duplicate
Who is Tesla?
“Father of Radio” - says we need alternating currents
Who is Marconi?
Developed wireless telegraphy - dots and dashes you see in old movies
Who is Crippen?
First individual to be caught by radio
Who is Lee de Fores?
Created the Audion Tube: vacuum tube necessary for radio waves (Voice over airways)
Who is Fessenden?
sent out first radio program on Christmas -> developed alternator
Who is Edwin Armstrong?
Father of FM radio; engineer; worked for RCA and Sarnoff
Who is David Sarnoff?
said he heard Titanic distress signal; CEO; $$
What are the 3 Key factors to radio development?
- Corporations (more ppl working on 1 thing)
- Experimenters (Getting into a lab)
- Gov’t (protecting radio stations)
Who was the first radio station?
KDKA out of Pittsburgh
Who was Edward Admaro?
First modern journalist
Who claimed to hear the Titanic?
Sarnoff? CEO NOT INVENTOR
RCA - Radio Corporation of America - later turns into what?
NBC
Define Toll Broadcasting
AT&T used lines for radio -> companies paid them to use these lines – WJZ (RCA) ultimately used NO lines
What is an O&O?
Owned and operated - independently
How does RCA grow?
HORIZONTAL - by buying smaller networks
What was the issue with ASCAP?
American Society of Composers and Publishers - Licensing - who do you pay to broadcast: author / publisher
1927 Radio Act
established FRC - Federal Radio Commissions
1934 Communications Act
established FCC - Federal Communications Commission - still operates today under Julius Genachowski
1943 NBC trade restraint
NBC has 2 networks: red and blue –> sells blue to ABC
Idea behind “Soap Opera”
advertisers were soap companies
Edward R. Murrow
Radio News - made you feel like you were there during WW2
AM Radio
Amplitude Modulation - “Bounce radio signal” –> bounced off ionosphere
who created FM?
Frequency Modulation - Edwin H. Armstrong
FM Radio
You get best signal when you’re line in sight - STRAIGHT signal path - NO bounce
BMI
Broadcast Music Industry
Alan Freed
Moondog - shows idea of a radio DJ’s influence - fired due to payola (DJ plays certain song b/c they’re paid - coins term rock & roll
What is so important about music on the radio?
It was best form of competition against TV
What’s the most profitable music genre on radio?
country/western
Biggest spikes in radio listening?
During drive hours
Who is now the audience of radio?
Older audience -> now ads need to target older folks
- Clear channel
Why are satellites governed differently?
We PAY to listen where AM/FM is free
Ex. Howard Stern
IBOC
In Band on Channel (better) BUT we went with DAB
1965 Non-Duplication Rule
Says you can’t duplicate >50% of your sister stations program – FCC says “interests, necessity, convenience”
Define Convergence
pulling all forms of technology into one medium (EX. iPad)
define digital divide
those that HAVE access to technology and those who don’t
Telecom Act of 1996
allows more merging -> larger companies can dominate -> you can own up to 35% of national audience (now its 39%)
3 parts of a cable system
- head (master antennae @ highest point
- trunk (cable running from the head)
- drop (comes off line of trunk and into house
Must-Carry Rule
Cable must carry local TV stations on your cable
what is CATV?
cable tv
define syndex syndication exclusivity
Cable/over the air broadcasting having exclusive rights to a program
EX. Monday Night Football on ESPN ONLY
Anti-Leap Frog Rule
Cable provider A cannot LEAP over cable provider B, legally
cable delivery: define TVRO
cable delivery: television recieve only
cable delivery: SMATV
satellite master antennae TV –> perfect delivery 4 apartment complexes
cable delivery: DBS
direct broadcast satellite EX. dish network
define Fiber Optics
hundreds of fiber optic lines in a small cable that carries thousands more data
“Narrowcasting”
Within cable - aim to be more specific EX. home-cooking, SciFy
Cable Narrowcasting: PEG
Public education and gov’t channels
Cable Narrowcasting: Superstations
use satellite technology
Cable Narrowcasting: Pay-Per-View Events
biggest revenue
When was the first computer created?
1946 - UPENN
Eniac
early computer -> used vacuum tubes -> heat created
“Tyranny of Wires”
Eniac Computer systems - we had 2 connect many tubes to make the thing possible -> BUT NASA solves it
Who created Eniac?
Eckert and Mauchly –> but they didn’t make $$
Who was the first to buy computers?
U.S Census Bureau
define UNIVAC
universal computers
What tied Eckert and Mauchly down?
McCarthyism -> gov’t saw them as having communist ties -> B/C Mauchly had gone 2 scientific meetings with some people linked 2 commis
Babbage
FIRST GENERATION created first demonstration of a computer –> development of Vacuum tubes
John Atanasoff
FIRST GENERATION - IOWA ST. - designed first computer that COURT recognized
ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650
apart of first generation
which first generation system used punch card technology?
IBM
Transistors
SECOND GENERATION - allowed us to shrink space needed -> NASA need 2 shrink computer 2 stick in a space capsule to calcul8 re-entry –> MOST RESPONSIBLE for second generation
When did the use of integrated circuits come about?
THIRD GENERATION
FOURTH GENERATION
graphic user interface - mathematical functioning
define VLSI
FOURTH GENERATION - very large scale integration chips - carry-out more operations
define parallel computing
FIFTH GENERATION - more than one thing done at a time
define artificial intelligence
SIXTH GENERATION - robots as aliens
How did government stop IBM from getting too big in 1932
got rid of punch card system -> GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE -> fourth generation
define LAN
your e-mail address
define WAN
GMail, Hotmail, etc.
define ARPANET
pre-internet
define VideoTex service
send video through lines, resurrected, video plays
define TCP
Transmission Control Protocol/ / International Protocol –> setting your JMU e-mail 2 access library
define FTP
File Transfer Protocol - Permission to download a file
define Telnet
“dumb terminal” -> pulls up addresses and #s -> electronic phone book
define USENET
basic bulletin board - direct connection
Elisha Gray
developed telephone BUT Bell won the patent
King Commitment
allows AT&T to lease phones to customers
Universal Service
AT&T would provide everyone has access to phone by means of an emergency
Telephone: Define MFJ
Modified Final Judgement - courts break up AT&Ts monoploy -> creates RBOC - Regionabl Bell Operating Companies
define LATA
your local area code
What allows you to be charged long-distance?
Telecom Act
define intelligence network
you input data and get a result/change
Packet Switching
redundant words are broken and spread apart then pieced back together so its face
What allows packet switching to occur?
DSL
