SM_282b: Pediatric Cancer Flashcards
___ are the leading cause of disease-related death in children
Malignant neoplasms are the leading cause of disease-related death in children
___ and ___ are the most common in children
Cancers of lymphohematopoietic origin and CNS tumors are the most common in children
- Tumors of developmental origin are common in younger children
- Epithelial tumors of lung, breast, prostate, colon RARE in kids
Describe genetic conditions associated with pediatric cancer
Genetic conditions associated with pediatric cancer
- NF1 and NF2
- Down syndrome
- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
- Tuberous sclerosis
- von Hippel-Lindau disease
- Xeroderma pigmentosum
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Nevus basal cell carcinoma syndrome
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53)
Describe viruses associated with childhood cancer
Viruses associated with childhood cancer
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma: EBV
- Burkitt’s lymphoma: EBV (Africa only)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma: Hepatitis B and C
Children with cancer often present with ___
Children with cancer often present with vague signs and symptoms
- Pain is most common presenting symptom of cancer: deeper, visceral structures of organ parenchyma
- Disseminated disease common
Describe common signs and symptoms of pediatric cancer
Common signs and symptoms of pediatric cancer
- Pallor, bruising, persistent fever or infection
- Pain: persistent or unexplained
- Headache w/ neurologic deficit
- Morning headache with vomiting
- Lymphadenopathy
- Abdominal pain or mass
- Extremity swelling
- Eye changes including proptosis or lack of normal red reflex
Describe age specific challenges in diagnosis of pediatric cancer
Age specific challenges in diagnosis of pediatric cancer
- infants and young kids have limited ability to express their pain or discomfort
- Heterogeneity in normal growth and development
- Adolescents and young adults at risk for delayed diagnosis due to limited interactions with providers and potential loss of health coverage
Describe general principles of treatment for pediatric cancer
General principles of treatment for pediatric cancer
- Treat at appropriate referral centers
- Multi-disciplinary care providers
- Best chance to cure is at first diagnosis
- Maximize cures while limiting late effects
- Prioritize outpatient care
Describe multimodal treatment approach for pediatric cancer
Multimodal treatment approach for pediatric cancer
- Establish accurate diagnosis
- Initiate treatment rapidly when necessary
- Chemo is important: more sensitive and tolerate w/ less toxicity
- Biologic agents becoming more important for up-front therapy
- Avoid or delay radiation due to serious side effects
Describe lymphohematopoetic malignancies
Lymphohematopoetic malignancies
- Unregulated clonal proliferation of cells in bone marrow (leukemia) or lymph nodes (lymphoma)
- Growth advantage over normal cells and result in defect in normal function of bone marrow or lymph nodes
___ is the most common malignant neoplasm of childhood
Acute leukemia is the most common malignant neoplasm of childhood
___ accounts for most cases of childhood leukemia
ALL accounts for most cases of childhood leukemia
Describe principles of treatment for pediatric leukemia
Principles of treatment for pediatric leukemia
- Infants have particularly poor prognosis
- Patients > 10 years and those with adverse molecular features require more aggressive treatment
- Pace of improvements in cures of acute myeloid leukemia have been slow, with overall survival stagnant between 50-60%
Describe pediatric lymphomas
Pediatric lymphomas
- Third most common malignancy in kids
- Broadly distributed between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s based upon histologic and molecular features
____ are leading cause of cancer-related death in kids
CNS tumors are leading cause of cancer-related death in kids