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Endo > SM_172b: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Basic > Flashcards

SM_172b: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Basic Flashcards

1
Q

Unlike the nervous system, endocrine system is ____

A

Unlike the nervous system, endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous

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2
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

  • Nervous: electrical and chemical communication, endocrine: only chemical
  • Nervous: reacts and stops quickly, endocrine: reacts slowly and effect is long lasting
  • Nervous: response declines, endocrine: response persists
  • Nervous: targeted and specific, endocrine: general and widespread
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3
Q

Describe the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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4
Q

Describe hypothalamo-anterior pituitary-target organ relationships

A

Hypothalamo-anterior pituitary-target organ relationships

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5
Q

Hypothalamic hormones control the hormones released from the ____

A

Hypothalamic hormones control the hormones released from the pituitary

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6
Q

Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary with ____ hormones or blocks the pituitary with ____ hormones

A

Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary with releasing hormones or blocks the pituitary with inhibitory hormones

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7
Q

_____ and _____ act on hypothalamic pulse generators to affect pituitary hormone release

A

Sleep-wake homeostasis and circadian rhythms act on hypothalamic pulse generators to affect pituitary hormone release

  • Circadian rhythms: suprachiasmatic nucleus
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8
Q

Hormone secretion is pulsatile based on ____

A

Hormone secretion is pulsatile based on circadian rhythms

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9
Q

_____ in gonadotropin secretion occurs with change from pulsatile to continuous GnRH administration

A

Decrease in gonadotropin secretion occurs with change from pulsatile to continuous GnRH administration

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10
Q

Describe prolactin secretion

A

Prolactin secretion

  1. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary via TRH and VIP
  2. Pituitary secretes prolactin
  3. Acts on breast and other tissues
  4. Positive feedback on hypothalamus
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11
Q

Describe growth hormone regulation

A

Growth hormone regulation

  1. Hypothalamus secretes GHRH
  2. Pituitary secretes GH
  3. Acts on liver and bones
  4. IGF-1 secreted which inhibits hypothalamus and pituitary
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12
Q

Binding to the extracellular domain of the growth hormone receptor causes ___

A

Binding to the extracellular domain of the growth hormone receptor causes dimerization of receptor subunits for cross phosphorylation

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13
Q

Insulin-like growth factors have high identity in the ___ and ___ chains

A

Insulin-like growth factors have high identity in the A and B chains

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14
Q

_____ bind circulating IGF with high affinity and specificity

A

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins bind circulating IGF with high affinity and specificity

  • Act as carriers of IGF in plasma
  • Prolong the half-life of IGF in circulation
  • Regulate IGF access to receptor in extracellular fluid
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15
Q

Plasma IGF-I and GH concentrations increase during ____

A

Plasma IGF-I and GH concentrations increase during prepubertal period

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16
Q

Inactivation of ____ or ____ in men leads to greater height

A

Inactivation of estrogen receptor or aromatase in men leads to greater height

17
Q

Describe hormones involved in growth

A

Hormones involved in growth

  • Thyroid hormone: growth severely stunted in hypothyroid children
  • Insulin: deficiency often blocks growth, hyperinsulinism spurs excessive growth
  • Androgens: play role in pubertal growth spurt, stimulate protein synthesis in many organs, effect depend on presence of growth hormone, depend on aromatization to estrogens
  • Estrogens
18
Q

Hypothyroid children have ____ growth

A

Hypothyroid children have stunted growth

19
Q

Growth hormone acts in ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Growth hormone acts in linear growth, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue

  • Linear growth: promotes epiphyseal growth (IGF-1)
  • Bone: increases osteoclast differentiation / activity, increases osteoblast activity, increases bone mass by endochondral bone formation
  • Muscle: increases amino acid transport, increases nitrogen retention, increases lean tissue and increases energy expenditure
  • Adipose: acute insulin-like effects
20
Q

Dual effector theory of growth hormone states ____

A

Dual effector theory of growth hormone states growth hormone stimulates the differentiation of prechondrocytes and the local expression of IGF-1, which increases clonal expansion of chondrocytes

21
Q

Glycoprotein hormones include ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Glycoprotein hormones include TSH, FSH, LH, and HCG

22
Q

Describe hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid regulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid regulation

23
Q

Describe hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian regulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian regulation

24
Q

Describe hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular regulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular regulation

25
Q

Describe hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation

26
Q

Pro-opiomelanocortin necessitates ____

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin necessitates proteolytic processing

  • Suppresses appetite
27
Q

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesizes as ____

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesizes as precursor

28
Q

Plasma vasopressin ____ as thirst increases

A

Plasma vasopressin increases as thirst increases

29
Q

____ and ____ are principles regulating vasopressin secretion

A

Plasma volume and plasma osmolarity are principles regulating vasopressin secretion

30
Q

Vasopressin ____ at physiologic (low) concentrations

A

Vasopressin reduces urinary water excretion at physiologic (low) concentrations

(antidiuretic)

  • V2 receptors
31
Q

Vasopressin ____ and ____ at pathologic (high) concentrations

A

Vasopressin increases release of Factor VIII and VWF at pathologic (high) concentrations

  • V1 receptors
32
Q

Vasopressin promotes insertion of _____ into luminal membrane, increasing _____ permeability

A

Vasopressin promotes insertion of Aquaporin 2 channels into luminal membrane, increasing water permeability

  • Water passes through cell into interstitium driven by an osmotic gradient
33
Q

Urine osmolarity ____ and urine flow _____ as plasma vasopressin increases

A

Urine osmolarity increases and urine flow decreases as plasma vasopressin increases

34
Q

____ and ____ regulate oxytocin secretion

A

Suckling and cervical stretch receptors

35
Q

Oxytocin causes ____ and ____

A

Oxytocin causes myoepithelial cell contraction and milk ejection

  • Suckling is a major stimulus for oxytocin release
  • Sensory receptors in nipple connect with nerve fibers to the spine -> impulses relayed through brain to PVN -> cholinergic synapses fire on oxytocin neurons and stimulate release
36
Q

____ and ____ are hormones involved in childbirth

A

Estrogen and oxytocin are hormones involved in childbirth

  • Positive feedback: contractions stimulate more contractions

Endo (25 decks)

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