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Psychopharmacology > Slideshow 3 > Flashcards

Slideshow 3 Flashcards

Nervous system

1
Q

Neurons

A

A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses
- Receive input information
- Process information
- Send output information
Estimated 100 - 200 billion neurons

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

Hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should
outnumber neurons in most brain regions

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3
Q

Morphologically defined components of the neuron

A

1.) Cell body
2.) Dendrites
3.) Axon
4.) Presynaptic terminals

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Component of the neuron
- contains nucleus
- control centre for cellular function

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

Component of the neuron
- Branching structures with receptors that receive and respond to chemical signals

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6
Q

Axon

A

Component of the neuron
- Extension that conduct electrical signals from cell body to presynaptic terminals

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7
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

Component of the neuron
- Bulbous structures containing vesicles containing neurotransmitters used to send chemical signals

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8
Q

Types of glial cells

A

1.) Astrocytes
2.) Oligodendrocytes
3.) Microglia

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9
Q

Astrocytes

A

A type of glial cell
- Provides nutrients
- Eliminate waste
- Structurally support neurons
- Help form the blood brain barrier

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

A type of glial cell
- Cover axons in myelin sheath

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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty white substance covering axons which help facilitate speed of signal transmission along the axon

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12
Q

Microglia

A

A type of glial cell
- Immune cell in the central nervous system

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13
Q

Blood brain barrier

A
  • A continuous layer of specialized cells linked at tight junctions
    • Helps maintain homeostasis
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14
Q

Paracellular transport

A

Between cells
- Passive; physiochemical

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15
Q

Transcellular transport

A

Through cells
- Active; large molecules like glucose

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16
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Central mass of nervous tissue involved in the integration of information; learning, memory, and coordination of activity
    • Brain and spinal cord
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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
    • Somatic and autonomic nervous system + sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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18
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • Associated with voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles
  • Responsible for all functions we know and can consciously influence
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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Regulates involuntary physiological processes
- Contains three division:
1.) Sympathetic
2.) Parasympathetic
3.) Enteric

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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight
- Increases heart rate
- Relaxes airways
- Dilates pupils
- Inhibit stomach activity
Etc…

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21
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest
- Slows heart beat
- Constricts airways
- Constricts pupils
- Stimulate stomach activity
Etc…

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22
Q

Forebrain

A

1.) Diencephalon
2.) Telencephalon

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23
Q

Midbrain

A

1.) Mesencephalon

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24
Q

Hindbrain

A

1.) Myelencephalon
2.) Metencephalon

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25
Q

Diencephalon

A

1.) Thalamus
2.) Hypothalamus

26
Q

Telencephalon

A

1.) Cerebrum
2.) Limbic system
3.) Basal ganglia

27
Q

Myelencephalon

A

1.) Medulla

28
Q

Metencephalon

A

1.) Cerebellum
2.) Pons

29
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates:
- Respirations
- Heart rate
- Vomiting
- Blood pressure

30
Q

Pons

A

Involved in the control of sleep/wakefulness and respiration

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

involved in:
- Coordination
- Timing/accuracy of motor movement

32
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • Interconnected cluster of neurons deep inside the brain
  • Critical for voluntary movement and muscle tone
  • Associated with procedural and habit learning and cognitive function
33
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Connected structures involved in memory, emotion and reinforcement
  • Includes the amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens
34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The brains link to hormonal output from the pituitary
- Involved in regulating behaviours such as feeding, drinking and sexual behaviour

35
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory and motor relay and gating station between cerebral cortex and subcortical areas

36
Q

Action potential

A

Brief electrical transmission along an axon to the axon terminal

37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical output signal of a neuron; Release initiated by action potential

38
Q

Synapse

A

A space between cells in which a chemical transmission may occur

39
Q

Receptors

A

Protein structures in membrane of dendrites and cell bodies that receive chemical input signal; May trigger action potential

40
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Membrane sacs in the axon terminals, which store neurotransmitter molecules

41
Q

Terminal buttons of an axon

A

The ends of the axon branches from which neurotransmitters are released

42
Q

Rising phase

A

Depolarizing phase
- The membrane potential becomes more positive
- An all or nothing event initiated by the opening of the sodium ion channels within the plasma membrane

43
Q

Repolarization

A

The change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value
- Potassium ions move out of the cell via potassium channels

44
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The brief dip in the membrane potential below the normal resting voltage
- Inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold

45
Q

Major neurotransmitters associated with drug action

A

1.) Dopamine
2.) Acetylcholine
3.) Norepinephrine
4.) Serotonin
5.) GABA
6.) Glutamate
7.) Endorphines

46
Q

Major dopamine pathways

A

1.) Mesolimbic
2.) Mesocortical
3.) Nigrostriatal
4.) Tuberoinfundibular

47
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral segmental area projecting to the nucleus accumbens
- Highly active in stimulus-reward related processing
- Implicated in drug wanting and positive psychotic symptoms

48
Q

Mesocortical pathway

A

dopaminergic neurons in the ventral segmental area projecting to the frontal lobe
- Highly active in stimulus-reward related processing
- Thought to mediate the cognitive aspects of the drug experience (ie. cravings, compulsions)

49
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

Substantia nigra -> striatum (basal ganglia)
- Damaged/decreased functioning in this area causes Parkinson’s

50
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • AKA noradrenaline
  • Pathway originating in brainstem (locus ceruleus) projecting through the brain influencing the level of arousal and attentiveness
  • Involved in energy balance and control of food intake
51
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Pathway originating in brainstem (raphe nuclei) project throughout the cortex and spinal cord
  • Linked to regulation of sleep, mood, food intake
  • Low levels linked with impulsiveness
52
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Throughout the body
  • Excitatory or inhibitory
  • In the brain it is typically found in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
  • Implicated in attention, learning and memory in the cortex
53
Q

GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)

A
  • Found in most regions of the brain
  • Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
  • More than half the synapses in the brain
54
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the human CNS
  • Necessary for most CNS functioning
  • Plasticity
  • Adapting to changes in environment
55
Q

Endorphines

A
  • Endogenous pain killer from the pituitary gland
  • Reduce stress and maintain homeostasis
56
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Ion channels open to allows ions such as Na+, Ca2+, K+and/or Cl- to pass through

57
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Require secondary messengers (G proteins) to modulate ionic activity

58
Q

Agonists

A
  • Mimic neurotransmitters and interfere with reuptake (ie. cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine)
  • Affinity and intrinsic efficacy
59
Q

Antagonists

A
  • Occupy neurotransmitter and prevents its activation
  • Affinity, but no intrinsic efficacy
60
Q

Affinity

A

The extent or fraction of which a drug binds to receptors at any given drug concentration or the firmness in which the drug binds to the receptor

61
Q

Intrinsic

A

The measure of a drug’s ability to activate or stimulate a receptor after binding to it; results in pharmacological actions

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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