Slide 4 - Violent Crimes Flashcards
What is crime
Describes any violation of criminal law and not merely deviant behaviours
What is violence
Any act marked by great force, passion, or fierceness
What does violence represent
It represents thre breakdown of other systems of interaction, such as persuasion, bargaining, or threats
Definition of high concensus
Most people can agree they should prevented\
Violent crimes are usually high consensus
What is the most extreme act of violence
Homocide
When does violence decline
Violence declines alongside the growth of civility that accompanies the rise of nation-states
What is the brutalization effect
The aggracation of unlawful violence rather than curbing this behaviour through government intervention
When and how did the homicide rates permanently rose
After the introduction of capitalist punishment in california
What is interpersonal violence
It is often the outcome of a bargaining between two people that does not succeed
what is the prime cause of violence in human relations
Fear
What does violence represent?
It represents thre breakdown of other systems of interaction, such as persuasion, bargaining, or threats
What are blood feuds?
They are ancient forms of intergroup violence intended to restore a group’s honour by taking revenge on a group that has dishonoured it
How are women viewed after being raped
‘damaged goods’
In blood fueds what are the solution that is put on the women or the seducer
The goal is to kill the seducer or the women or to force the seducer to marry the women
What is honour killings
result of a punishment for dishonour and are practiced in many Islamic societies
What is Conventional Crimes
THey are acts smost people think about when they think of crimes
Ex. Robbery, manslaaughter, and sexual assaults
What is the least common offence
Homocide
What is the one reason candian homicide rate is much lower than Americans
Due to the low rate of firearm-related murders in Canada
What is a more common type of assault
Non-sexual assault
Sexual assault is classified into five leavels according to whether the victim was wounded include:
Classic Rape: Forcing sexual intercourse on a stranger
Acquaintance rape: Rape by an acquaintance of the victim
Statutory Rape: Victim is under the legal age of consent
Marital Rape: Rape of a spouse
Incest: Rape of a family menber
What is the ratio of wome as victims of sexual assault to men
4:1
What percentage of robberies were male and the most common age
Almost 90 percent of those accused of robbery were male and nearly 2/3 were between ages 12-24
What was the most common item reported stolen
Money
What is a new form of criminal violence that has emerged in Canada
Stalking
What is the subculture theory
It is helpful in explaining why arguements between young males often serve as a forerunner to homicide
Who is Wolfgang and Ferracuti and what did they write about subcultures
Subculture implies there are value judgement or a social value system, which is apart from and a larger part of a larger central value system
What does wolfgang and ferracuti subculture of violence theory states
Members of a violent culture are disproportionately likely to be to respond to minor transgressions with lethal force because of a culturally defined need to protect one’s protection
What is family violence
It is an umbrella term covering different kinds of violence, among different sets of family members
Who is most affected [victimized] in family abuse
Elderly parents
Statistics canada estimates that 1 in 10 elderly people is victimized by violent criminal abuse
What does childhood abuse increase
It increass the likelihiood of low self-esteem, anxiety , depression, and anti-social tendencies
What are the main factors that contribute to child abuse
Substace abuse [involved in 40-80 percent of cases]
Alcohol abuse [children 3x more likely to be abused by alcoholic parents]
Girls who suffer abuse as children are more likely to become _____ in adulthood
victim of abuse
Boys who suffer abuse as children are more likely to become ____
abusers
Has the rate of spousal homicide has generally been increasing or declining
It has been declining since the mid 1970s
What are the contributers to the decline in spousal homicide
- Changing strucutres of intimaterelationships
- Increases in gender equality
- Better training for enforcement personal
- Improvements in the support provided to victims
What is spousal violence
Refers to violence between husband and wife, unmarried co-habiting couples, or gay couples
Is severe violence more likely among cohabiting couples or married ones
Severe violence is 5x more likely among cohabiting couples than among married ones
When is spousal violence against women most common
When the wife has a job and the husband does not
What are the three types/causes of violence
- Interpersonal conflict: Pushing, shoving, grabbing, slappng
- Non-systematic abuse: Greater variety of violent acts, including threats, throwing objects, kicking, hitting
- Systematic abuse: High risk violent acts such as beating, choking and attacking with gun or knife
How do functionalist theories view violent crimes
Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime emphasizes the lack of self-control as a factor in violence resulting from inadequate socializatio
What did Gottfreso and Hirshi’s general theory of crime emphasizes [ Functionalist]
People commit criminal acts because these acts provide easy gratification
People inclined to criminal acts are also likely to seek easy, non-criminal pleasures
How do symbolic interactioniest theories view violent crimes
The differential association theory desribes the ways some people gain skills and rationalization for violent behaviours
Some subcultures use weapons in violent crimes that require both access to the weapon and knowledge of how to use them
Who is Athens and what theory does he belong to
He states that offenders use four types of justification for violence
Belongs in the symbolic interactions theory
Physical defence, frustration, malefi, frustrative malefic
What are the four types of justification according to athens
- Physical defense
- Frustration
- Malefic [offender believes he is being belittled or that the victims is evil
- Frustrative-malefic [ victim is both loathsome and adversarial
Those who view themselves as non-violent interpret their violence as ____
Defensive
Those who view themselves as violent se their violence in ____
____ any of the 4 justifications according to anys
How do critica theorist view violent crimes
As inequality increases in a society, crime will also increase
How does a decline in wages increase crime
This will increase the crime rates of ‘quick’ cash’ crimes, especially in societies that lack a social safety net
What is the pursuit of respect in accordance to critical theories
Deprived areas marked by poverty and inequality spawn social exclusion, alienation, and violence in the pursuit of respect
Hidden injuries of social class are the result of what
Poverty and inequality
Where [what type of community] is homicide rates at its highest
Its at its highest in communities with low welfare-payment levels, a high percentage of single-mother families, and a high dropout rate from school
What does Dahrendorf [critical theorist] note about violence
Noted that violence, as a means of conducting conflict, diminishes through the regulation of conflict
What do feminists argue and realize about violent crimes?
they argue that fear and dependence mark women’s social relations with men at work, on dates, and in the home
What are the social and psychological effects of violent crimes
Children exposed to violence in the home are more likely to display physical aggression and emotional disorder,hyperactivity and delinquency
What are the mental health effects of violent crimes
Victims of crimes are more likely to suffer from PTSD, major depressive episodes, and various phobias
What are the physical health effects of violent crimes
There are long-term, lingering effects of physical violence, such as suicide attempts and STDs
What are the economic consequences of violent crimes
The fallout of violent crime results in a great many expenses, both for the individual and community levels
What leads people not to trust public institutions [ police officers]
It leads people to not report crimes or to withhold information from the police and courts
