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Biopsych Exam 5 > Slide 3 > Flashcards

Slide 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for explicit memory?

A

hippocampus

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2
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for emotional regulation of memory?

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for eye blink conditioning

A

cerebellum

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4
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for object recognition

A

rhinal cortex

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5
Q

Damage to what brain structure results in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A 
medial diencephalon
(mediodorsal nucleus)
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6
Q

Damage to what brain structure results in alzheimers?

A

basal forebrain

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7
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A
  • brain’s ability
  • to modify synaptic connections
  • as a result of experience
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8
Q

Name 4 mechanisms of learning and memory

A
  • hebbian plasticity
  • structural changes in synapses after learning
  • long term potentiation
  • habituation and sensitization in Aplysia
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9
Q

Describe the concept of Hebb’s postulate

A
  • increase in synaptic strength
  • arises from the presynaptic cell’s
  • repeated and persistent stimulation
  • of the postsynaptic cell
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10
Q

Which mechanism does this phrase describe:

‘neurons that fire together wire together’

A

Hebb’s postulate

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11
Q

Describe the concept of Hebbian plasticity

A
  • If cell A
  • Stimulates cell B
  • The connection becomes stronger
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12
Q

What is an example of Hebbian plasticity used in learning?

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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13
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the bell ______ elicit the salivation response

A

does not

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14
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the food ____ elicit the salivation response

A

does

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15
Q

During Pavlovian conditioning, ___________ elicit the salivation response

A
  • the food
  • and
  • the bell
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16
Q

After Pavlovian conditioning, _____ by itself is able to elicit the salivation response

A

-the bell

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17
Q

During Pavlovian conditioning, what must happen for learning to occur?

A
  • CS neuron and UCS neuron
  • both fire the CR neuron
  • in the same place
  • at the same time
  • causing synaptic changes to occur
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18
Q

Why is timing critical for learning?

A

-CS must predict the UCS

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19
Q

Define coincidence detection

A
  • neurons are able to detect changes

- that happen close together in time

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20
Q

How does coincidence detection occur?

A
  • NMDA receptors bind glutamate

- NMDA receptors are normally blocked by magnesium ions

21
Q

What must happen for NMDA receptors to respond maximally

A
  • glutumate must bind
  • AND
  • neuron must be partially depolarized
22
Q

What ion does NMDA allow in the cell

A

-Ca++

23
Q

What effect does the entry of Ca++ have on the cell?

A
  • activates enzymes

- called protein kinases

24
Q

What are protein kinases?

A
  • enzymes that influence many chemical reactions
  • inside neurons
  • eg. structural changes of neurons
25
Q

Which stimulus results in glutamate release?

A
  • conditioned stimulus

- eg. bell

26
Q

What effect does the unconditioned stimulus have on the post synaptic cell and which ions does this affect?

A
  • depolarizes post synaptic cell

- removes Mg ++ blockade

27
Q

Learning results in a(n) ______ in the number of synapses

A

increase

28
Q

What effect does learning have on existing synapses?

A

-changes the structure

29
Q

What happens to the shape of the post synaptic membrane after learning?

A
  • it becomes more dense

- increase in the number of AMPA receptors

30
Q

What is the result of an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the post synaptic membrane after learning?

A
  • Na+ influx

- synaptic strength

31
Q

What model is used to portray the process of learning?

A

electrophysiological

32
Q

What is LTP?

A
  • long term potentiation
  • long lasting increase in synaptic strength
  • following high frequency stimulation of a synapse
33
Q

Does long term potentiaion = learning?

A
  • no

- but evidence suggests that LTP like changes occur during learning

34
Q

4 similarities between LTP and learning

A
  • drugs preventing LTP also prevent learning
  • LTP and learning use the same type of neural changes
  • learning can produce LTP type changes
  • LTP more readily observed in structures known to be involved in learning/memory
35
Q

What is an example of a drug which prevents LTP and prevents learning?

A

-NMDA receptor antagonist

36
Q

What is an example of a neural change common to both LTP and learning?

A

increase in AMPA receptors in postsynaptic membrane

37
Q

What is a brain structure which is known to be involved in learning/memory in which LTP is more readily observed?

A

hippocampus

38
Q

What role did Eric Kandel and co play in learning discoveries?

A
  • characterized how nervous system changes

- during leraning

39
Q

What did Eric Kandel choose to study in his research on learning?

A

-Aplysia

40
Q

Why did Kandel choose to study Aplysia?

A
  • fewer cells than vertebrates
  • cells/connections virtually identical from animal to animal
  • therefore easier to work out mechanisms in greater detail
41
Q

What is habituation

A
  • simplest form of learning
  • decrease in response to a stimulus
  • when that stimulus is presented repeatedly
42
Q

How is habituation portrayed in Aplysia?

A
  • gill withdrawal reflex
  • stimulating siphon
  • results in gill withdrawal
43
Q

What is the neural basis of habituation?

A
  • decrease in synaptic activity
  • at sensory/motor neuron junction
  • decrease in Ca++ influx
  • therefore decrease in neurotransmitter release
44
Q

What is sensitization?

A

increase in strength of response to a stimulus

45
Q

How is sensitization portrayed in Aplysia?

A
  • electric shock to Aplysia tail
  • increases amplitude of gill withdrawal reflex
  • to a mild stimulus
  • that lasts several minutes
46
Q

What is the best way to observe long term sensitization?

A

-spread out trials across several days

47
Q

What have we learned from research on Aplysia?

A
  • discovered neural circuit supporting this behavior

- discovered molecular and cellular mechanisms of learning/memory

48
Q

Transcription factors

A
  • in nucleus

- can make new protein

Biopsych Exam 5 (3 decks)

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