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Biopsych Exam 5 > Slide 1 > Flashcards

Slide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe PTSD

A
  • post traumatic stress disorder

- recurring/disturbing memories of certain events

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2
Q

Define learning

A
  • how experience changes the brain

- involves neuroplasticity

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3
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to modify synaptic connections as a result of experience

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4
Q

Define memory

A

refers to how info is stored

and later retrieved

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5
Q

What is an engram?

A
  • memory trace
  • physical trace or representation in brain
  • of what has been learned
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6
Q

What did Karl Lashley study?

A

localisation of language function

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7
Q

Describe Lashley’s process of experimentation

A
  • trained rats to run mazes of various levels of difficulty
  • disrupted connections between brain areas
  • or removed parts of the cortex
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8
Q

Describe Lashley’s findings

A
  • no single cut or combination of cuts
  • interfered w/ rats learning and memory of a maze
  • only large lesions disrupted performance
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9
Q

What two principles did Lashley come up with to summarize his observations?

A
  • equipotentiality

- mass action

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10
Q

Describe Lashley’s principle of equipotentiality

A
  • brain has ability to use intact part of brain

- to do what damaged part of brain can no longer do

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11
Q

Describe Lashley’s principle of mass action

A
  • learning/mem deficits

- are proportional to amount of brain damage

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12
Q

What was Lashley’s conclusion?

A
  • memories not localized to specific areas

- memory storage distributed over large parts of the cortex

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13
Q

What did Richard Thompson and his colleagues study?

A
  • classical conditioning

- eg. eyeblink conditioning

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14
Q

Describe Pavlovian conditioning

A

Dog responds to a bell by salivating because it associates the bell with the smell of food

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15
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of food

A

unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of salivation in response to food?

A

unconditioned response

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17
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of a bell

A

conditioned stimulus

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18
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of salivation in response to the sound of a bell

A

conditioned response

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19
Q

Describe eyeblink conditioning

A
  • subject responds to a tone by blinking

- because he associates the tone with a puff of air

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20
Q

In the eyeblink conditioning experiment, which one is the conditioned stimulus and which is the unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus: tone

unconditioned stimulus: air puff

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21
Q

Which part of the brain stores memory for the eyeblink conditioning

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

Why did Lashley fail while Thompson succeeded?

A
  • complex tasks like maze learning can rely on more distributed areas of the brain
  • Lashley’s methods less precise
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23
Q

Describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s memory model

A
  • 3 stages
  • sensory memory
  • short term memory
  • long term memory
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24
Q

Define sensory memory

A
  • copy of sensory info

- that you’ve just seen/heard/tasted

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25
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

-few seconds or less

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26
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

difficult to be determined since so short

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27
Q

Where is sensory memory thought to be stored

A

primary sensory areas

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28
Q

How long does short term memory last?

A

few seconds - minutes

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29
Q

What is the capacity of short term memory?

A
  • 7 items

- +/- 2

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30
Q

What is long term memory?

A

-‘permanent memory’

31
Q

Duration of long term memory

A

-minutes - years

32
Q

What is the capacity of long term memory

A

virtually unlimited capacity

33
Q

How are memories transformed from short term to long term?

A

rehearsal

34
Q

What is the effect of emotional response on memory?

A

emotional response can enhance memory

35
Q

What part of the brain is associated with emotional response to memory?

A

amygdala

36
Q

Define explicit memory

A
  • memory for info that one recognizes as a memory

- requires conscious thought

37
Q

What are 2 types of explicit memory

A
  • episodic

- semantic

38
Q

Define episodic memory

A
  • memory for events

- eg. first day of school

39
Q

Define semantic memory

A

-memory for facts

40
Q

Define implicit memory

A

memory for tasks that do not require conscious awareness

41
Q

What is another name for explicit memory

A

declarative

42
Q

What is another name for implicit memory

A

non declarative

43
Q

What brain area is responsible for explicit memory

A

medial temporal lobe (diencephalon)

44
Q

What brain area is responsible for the procedural section of implicit memory

A

Striatum

45
Q

What brain area is responsible for the priming/perceptual section of implicit memory

A

neocortex

46
Q

What brain area is responsible for emotional responses in classical conditioning?

A

amygdala

47
Q

What brain area is responsible for skeletal responses in classical conditioning?

A

cerebellum

48
Q

What part is responsible for non associative learning of implicit memory

A

reflex pathways

49
Q

Define amnesia

A
  • long term memory impairment

- inability to retain info for more than a few minutes

50
Q

Cause of amnesia

A

damage to brain areas responsible for memory consolidation, storage, processing, recall

51
Q

Two types of amnesia

A
  • anterograde

- retrograde

52
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories after brain damage

53
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall memories prior to brain damage

54
Q

What type of surgery did HM undergo to treat his epilepsy?

A
  • bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

- removed amygdala, hippocampus, adjacent cortex (rhinal)

55
Q

Name 4 consequences of HM’s surgery

A
  • reduced seizure effects
  • higher IQ
  • normal perceptual/motor abilities
  • severe amnesiac effects
56
Q

True or false: HM’s short term memory was still functional

A

true

57
Q

HM could not form new memories - what type of amnesia is this?

A
  • anterograde amnesia

- ie. explicit memory deficit

58
Q

What is temporally graded retrograde amnesia?

A
  • remote events more easily accessible

- than events occurring right before the trauma

59
Q

Which memory tests did HM do fine in and what does it show?

A
  • mirror drawing test
  • incomplete pictures test
  • his implicit/learning memory was intact
60
Q

3 major effects of HM case

A
  • proof of existence of diff types of memory
  • challenged view that mnemonic functions are equally represented in the brain
  • supports diff stages of storage in STM and LTM
61
Q

What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

-thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcohol consumption

62
Q

What is the effect of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

-retorgrade and anterograde amnesia

63
Q

______ is a unique symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

confabulation

64
Q

Define confabulation

A
  • memory error resulting in a fabricated account of the past
  • without the conscious intention to deceive
65
Q

In Korsakoff’s syndrome, which brain areas are affected?

A
  • medial diencephalon (thalamus)

- prefrontal cortex

66
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • progressive memory loss associated with aging

- common cause of dementia

67
Q

What is the cause of Alzheimer’s?

A

reduction in acetycholine

68
Q

Effects of alzheimers

A
  • pathological changes in the brain
  • extensive neural degradation
  • amyloid plaques
  • neurofibrillary tangles
69
Q

Describe the process of a concussion resulting in amnesia

A
  • blow to the head
  • coma
  • regains consciousness
  • confusion
  • retrograde amnesia for events right before event
  • anterograde amnesia for events during confusion
70
Q

Which type of amnesia can electroconvulsive therapy produce?

A

retrograde amnesia

71
Q

3 things we have learned from studying people with amnesia

A
  • there are diff types of memory
  • there are diff stages of memory
  • diff brain regions involved
72
Q

What are the limitations of studying people with amnesia?

A
  • lesions are not specific or complete
  • studies of 1 person may not be generalizable
  • difficult to control
73
Q

What are the limitations of studying HM as an exemplary subject of amnesia?

A
  • small parts of hippocampus were intact

- damage to more than 1 brain area

Biopsych Exam 5 (3 decks)

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