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Biopsych Exam 3 > Slide 3 > Flashcards

Slide 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main inputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?

A
  • cortical motor areas
  • brainstem
  • sensory areas
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2
Q

Output of basal ganglia and cerebellum

A
  • interact with different levels of cortical motor circuit
  • through thalamus to cortex
  • directly on brainstem
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3
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A
  • collection of interconnected nuclei
  • part of subcortical loop
  • receives cortical input
  • sends output back via thalamus
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4
Q

Basal ganglia is involved in modulating…

A
  • movement
  • learning
  • cognitive functions
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5
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease caused by?

A
  • loss of DA neurons

- in the substantia nigra

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6
Q

What does cerebellum mean in latin?

A

little brain

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7
Q

What percent of the brain’s mass does the cerebellum make up

A

10%

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8
Q

What percent of the brain’s neurons does the cerebellum contain?

A

50%

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9
Q

Structure of cerebellum

A
  • 2 hemispheres

- 3 pairs of deep nuclei

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10
Q

How is the cerebellum organized?

A
  • topographically

- highly regular cellular organization

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A
  • molecular layer
  • purkinje cell layer
  • granular layer
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12
Q

Describe the molecular layer of the cerebellum

A
  • parallel fibers

- inputs

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13
Q

Describe the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum

A
  • output neurons

- GABA

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14
Q

Describe the granular layer of the cerebellum

A

-input neurons

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15
Q

How many input neurons does the granular layer of the cerebellum contain?

A

60-80 billion

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16
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive input from?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • secondary motor cortex
  • brainstem motor nuclei
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17
Q

Which processes is the cerebellum involved in?

A
  • timing
  • fine-tuning motor responses
  • motor learning
18
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A
  • disorder which affects coordination of complex movements
  • impair balance
  • decrease muscle tone
  • learning problems
19
Q

What specific learning problems can arise because of cerebellar ataxia?

A

problems with classical conditioning

20
Q

True or false: we are born with a cerain set of basic motor movements

A

true

21
Q

What is the evidence for motor programs?

A
  • a given movement can be accomplished various ways
  • using diff muscles
  • eg. signing name using diff limbs
22
Q

Describe motor equivalence

A
  • central sensorimotor programs must be stored at a level higher than the muscle
  • diff muscles can do the same task
23
Q

Process of central sensorimotor programs

A
  • sensorimotor programs stored in 2nd motor cortex

- cerebellum/basal ganglia coordinate the various programs

24
Q

Does the sensory info that controls central sensorimotor programs have to be conscious?

A

no, not necessarily conscious

25
Q

Describe blindsight

A

-patients can respond to visual stimuli of which they have no conscious awareness

26
Q

What is the Ebbinghaus illusion?

A
  • 2 disks
  • same size, surrounded by diff sized circles
  • the disk surrounded by smaller circles looks bigger than the disk surrounded by larger circles
27
Q

Evidence that programs for many species specific behavior are established without practice

A
  • mice born without forelimbs

- still make coordinated grooming motions

28
Q

Motor learning

A
  • process by which motor programs are created and modified

- learned, fixed sequence of movements

29
Q

How are complex movements produced?

A

activating appropriate sequence of programs

30
Q

What can be used to generate and modify programs?

A

practice

31
Q

What is response chunking?

A
  • combining chunks of motor acts

- or sequences of movements

32
Q

Purpose of functional brain imagining studies in humans

A
  • support findings
  • from invasive studies
  • on non-human primates
33
Q

Initial stages of learning are under ______ control

A

conscious

34
Q

Initial stages of learning involve higher order ____ areas

A

cortical

35
Q

Learning changes _____ and _____ of sensorimotor control

A
  • nature

- location

36
Q

Which areas are very active during the process of newly learning info?

A
  • cerebellum
  • primary motor cortex
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • posterior parietal cortex
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • premotor cortex
37
Q

Which area becomes very active when info becomes well learned?

A

Supplementary Motor Area

38
Q

Sensorimotor association areas

A
  • (dorsolateral) prefrontal

- posterior parietal

39
Q

Secondary Motor Areas

A

SMA

Premotor Cortex

40
Q

Cortical motor areas

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Secondary Motor Cortex
Sensorimotor association areas

Biopsych Exam 3 (3 decks)

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