Slide 3

Question 1

What are the main inputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum?

Answer 1

• cortical motor areas
• brainstem
• sensory areas

Question 2

Output of basal ganglia and cerebellum

Answer 2

• interact with different levels of cortical motor circuit
• through thalamus to cortex
• directly on brainstem

Question 3

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

• collection of interconnected nuclei
• part of subcortical loop
• receives cortical input
• sends output back via thalamus

Question 4

Basal ganglia is involved in modulating…

Answer 4

• movement
• learning
• cognitive functions

Question 5

What is Parkinson’s disease caused by?

Answer 5

• loss of DA neurons

- in the substantia nigra

Question 6

What does cerebellum mean in latin?

Answer 6

little brain

Question 7

What percent of the brain’s mass does the cerebellum make up

Answer 7

10%

Question 8

What percent of the brain’s neurons does the cerebellum contain?

Answer 8

50%

Question 9

Structure of cerebellum

Answer 9

• 2 hemispheres

- 3 pairs of deep nuclei

Question 10

How is the cerebellum organized?

Answer 10

• topographically

- highly regular cellular organization

Question 11

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 11

• molecular layer
• purkinje cell layer
• granular layer

Question 12

Describe the molecular layer of the cerebellum

Answer 12

• parallel fibers

- inputs

Question 13

Describe the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum

Answer 13

• output neurons

- GABA

Question 14

Describe the granular layer of the cerebellum

Answer 14

-input neurons

Question 15

How many input neurons does the granular layer of the cerebellum contain?

Answer 15

60-80 billion

Question 16

Where does the cerebellum receive input from?

Answer 16

• primary motor cortex
• secondary motor cortex
• brainstem motor nuclei

Question 17

Which processes is the cerebellum involved in?

Answer 17

• timing
• fine-tuning motor responses
• motor learning

Question 18

What is cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 18

• disorder which affects coordination of complex movements
• impair balance
• decrease muscle tone
• learning problems

Question 19

What specific learning problems can arise because of cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 19

problems with classical conditioning

Question 20

True or false: we are born with a cerain set of basic motor movements

Answer 20

true

Question 21

What is the evidence for motor programs?

Answer 21

• a given movement can be accomplished various ways
• using diff muscles
• eg. signing name using diff limbs

Question 22

Describe motor equivalence

Answer 22

• central sensorimotor programs must be stored at a level higher than the muscle
• diff muscles can do the same task

Question 23

Process of central sensorimotor programs

Answer 23

• sensorimotor programs stored in 2nd motor cortex

- cerebellum/basal ganglia coordinate the various programs

Question 24

Does the sensory info that controls central sensorimotor programs have to be conscious?

Answer 24

no, not necessarily conscious

Question 25

Describe blindsight

Answer 25

-patients can respond to visual stimuli of which they have no conscious awareness

Question 26

What is the Ebbinghaus illusion?

Answer 26

- 2 disks - same size, surrounded by diff sized circles - the disk surrounded by smaller circles looks bigger than the disk surrounded by larger circles

Question 27

Evidence that programs for many species specific behavior are established without practice

Answer 27

- mice born without forelimbs | - still make coordinated grooming motions

Question 28

Motor learning

Answer 28

- process by which motor programs are created and modified | - learned, fixed sequence of movements

Question 29

How are complex movements produced?

Answer 29

activating appropriate sequence of programs

Question 30

What can be used to generate and modify programs?

Answer 30

practice

Question 31

What is response chunking?

Answer 31

- combining chunks of motor acts | - or sequences of movements

Question 32

Purpose of functional brain imagining studies in humans

Answer 32

- support findings - from invasive studies - on non-human primates

Question 33

Initial stages of learning are under ______ control

Answer 33

conscious

Question 34

Initial stages of learning involve higher order ____ areas

Answer 34

cortical

Question 35

Learning changes _____ and _____ of sensorimotor control

Answer 35

- nature | - location

Question 36

Which areas are very active during the process of newly learning info?

Answer 36

- cerebellum - primary motor cortex - primary somatosensory cortex - posterior parietal cortex - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - premotor cortex

Question 37

Which area becomes very active when info becomes well learned?

Answer 37

Supplementary Motor Area

Question 38

Sensorimotor association areas

Answer 38

- (dorsolateral) prefrontal | - posterior parietal

Question 39

Secondary Motor Areas

Answer 39

SMA | Premotor Cortex

Question 40

Cortical motor areas

Answer 40

Primary Motor Cortex Secondary Motor Cortex Sensorimotor association areas