Slide 2

Question 1

What are secondary motor areas involved in?

Answer 1

-higher level programming

Question 2

What are the two secondary motor areas

Answer 2

• Premotor Cortex

- Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

Question 3

What happens in the premotor cortex?

Answer 3

neurons fire in preparation of movement

Question 4

What happens in the supplementary motor area?

Answer 4

neurons fire during sequences of movement

Question 5

How are the two secondary motor areas similar anatomically?

Answer 5

• reciprocally connected with primary motor cortex
• reciprocally connected with each other
• both have direct output to brain stem

Question 6

How are the two secondary motor areas similar functionally?

Answer 6

• electrical stimulation elicits complex movements of body parts
• neurons fire prior to and during voluntary movements

Question 7

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 7

• neurons that are active when performing an action
• or watching another perform the same action
• grasping or watching another grasp the same object

Question 8

What can mirror neurons be used to discover?

Answer 8

• basis of knowledge of complex processes

- eg. intentions

Question 9

Effects of damage to secondary motor cortex

Answer 9

• more complex movement disorders

- difficulty in developing appropriate movement strategies

Question 10

What happens to monkeys with premotor lesion?

Answer 10

• difficulty to obtain food

- behind transparent surface

Question 11

What happens to monkeys with SMA lesion?

Answer 11

• difficulty to organize integrated sequence of actions

- to retrieve food

Question 12

Function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 12

mediates planning

decision making

Question 13

where is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex located in the sensorimotor hierarchy?

Answer 13

highest

Question 14

Function of posterior parietal cortex

Answer 14

• mediates multimodal integration

- body and object position references

Question 15

What is multimodal integration?

Answer 15

info from diff senses integrated together by nervous system

Question 16

Effects of damage to posterior parietal cortex

Answer 16

• apraxia

- contralateral neglect

Question 17

What is apraxia?

Answer 17

• inability to plan
• inability to properly execute learned skill movement
• following brain damage

Question 18

What exactly is apraxia normally caused by?

Answer 18

unilateral damage to left posterior parietal

Question 19

True or false: apraxia is a simple motor deficit

Answer 19

false

Question 20

What is contralateral neglect?

Answer 20

-disturbances of patient’s ability to respond to stimuli in opposite side

Question 21

What side is usually damaged as a result of contralateral neglect?

Answer 21

right parietal damage

Question 22

What is the function of the pyramidial motor system

Answer 22

• primary motor cortex sends signals
• to motor neurons
• in the spinal cord
• via various pathways

Question 23

What are the paths in the pyramidial motor system called?

Answer 23

corticospinal tracts

Question 24

2 types of corticospinal tracts

Answer 24

• dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

- ventromedial corticospinal tracts

Question 25

What are betz cells and where are they found

Answer 25

- long motor neurons - projecting into spinal cord - dorsolateral corticospinal tract

Question 26

Passage of the corticospinal tracts of the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

Answer 26

- descend through the medullary pyramids - then crosses sides at the medulla - goes to spinal cord

Question 27

What is the corticospinal tracts of the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts also involved in

Answer 27

control of: - wrists - hands - fingers - toes

Question 28

Passage of corticorubrospinal tract in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

Answer 28

- synapse - at red nucleus - cross before medulla

Question 29

What is the corticorubrospinal tract in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts involved in

Answer 29

- some control of muscles in the face | - distal muscles of arms and legs

Question 30

What does the corticospinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system do?

Answer 30

- axons branch - and innervate interneuron circuits bilaterally - in multiple spinal segments

Question 31

What type of projection is found in the corticospinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system?

Answer 31

ipsilateral

Question 32

What is the function of the cortico brainstem spinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system?

Answer 32

- interacts with various brainstem structures | - descends bilaterally

Question 33

Where do the ventro medial corticospinal tracts synapse?

Answer 33

- interneurons - of multiple spinal segments - controlling proximal trunk and limb muscles

Question 34

5 features of dorsolateral tract

Answer 34

- one direct tract - one tract that synapses in the brain stem - terminates in one contralateral spinal segment - distal muscles - limb movements

Question 35

6 features of ventromedial corticospinal tract

Answer 35

- one direct tract - one tract that synapses in brain stem - more diffuse - bilateral innervation - proximal muscles - posture and whole body movement

Question 36

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Answer 36

When betz cells gradually die off

Question 37

Where are dorsolateral tracts originating from

Answer 37

along more lateral and dorsal area

Question 38

Where are the ventromedial tracts originating from

Answer 38

along more ventral and medial areas

Question 39

What areas does the cortical brain stem spinal tract particularly have connection to?

Answer 39

- tectum | - tegmentum