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Biopsych Exam 3 > Slide 2 > Flashcards

Slide 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are secondary motor areas involved in?

A

-higher level programming

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2
Q

What are the two secondary motor areas

A
  • Premotor Cortex

- Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

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3
Q

What happens in the premotor cortex?

A

neurons fire in preparation of movement

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4
Q

What happens in the supplementary motor area?

A

neurons fire during sequences of movement

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5
Q

How are the two secondary motor areas similar anatomically?

A
  • reciprocally connected with primary motor cortex
  • reciprocally connected with each other
  • both have direct output to brain stem
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6
Q

How are the two secondary motor areas similar functionally?

A
  • electrical stimulation elicits complex movements of body parts
  • neurons fire prior to and during voluntary movements
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7
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A
  • neurons that are active when performing an action
  • or watching another perform the same action
  • grasping or watching another grasp the same object
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8
Q

What can mirror neurons be used to discover?

A
  • basis of knowledge of complex processes

- eg. intentions

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9
Q

Effects of damage to secondary motor cortex

A
  • more complex movement disorders

- difficulty in developing appropriate movement strategies

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10
Q

What happens to monkeys with premotor lesion?

A
  • difficulty to obtain food

- behind transparent surface

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11
Q

What happens to monkeys with SMA lesion?

A
  • difficulty to organize integrated sequence of actions

- to retrieve food

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12
Q

Function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

mediates planning

decision making

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13
Q

where is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex located in the sensorimotor hierarchy?

A

highest

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14
Q

Function of posterior parietal cortex

A
  • mediates multimodal integration

- body and object position references

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15
Q

What is multimodal integration?

A

info from diff senses integrated together by nervous system

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16
Q

Effects of damage to posterior parietal cortex

A
  • apraxia

- contralateral neglect

17
Q

What is apraxia?

A
  • inability to plan
  • inability to properly execute learned skill movement
  • following brain damage
18
Q

What exactly is apraxia normally caused by?

A

unilateral damage to left posterior parietal

19
Q

True or false: apraxia is a simple motor deficit

A

false

20
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

A

-disturbances of patient’s ability to respond to stimuli in opposite side

21
Q

What side is usually damaged as a result of contralateral neglect?

A

right parietal damage

22
Q

What is the function of the pyramidial motor system

A
  • primary motor cortex sends signals
  • to motor neurons
  • in the spinal cord
  • via various pathways
23
Q

What are the paths in the pyramidial motor system called?

A

corticospinal tracts

24
Q

2 types of corticospinal tracts

A
  • dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

- ventromedial corticospinal tracts

25
Q

What are betz cells and where are they found

A
  • long motor neurons
  • projecting into spinal cord
  • dorsolateral corticospinal tract
26
Q

Passage of the corticospinal tracts of the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

A
  • descend through the medullary pyramids
  • then crosses sides at the medulla
  • goes to spinal cord
27
Q

What is the corticospinal tracts of the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts also involved in

A

control of:

  • wrists
  • hands
  • fingers
  • toes
28
Q

Passage of corticorubrospinal tract in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts

A
  • synapse
  • at red nucleus
  • cross before medulla
29
Q

What is the corticorubrospinal tract in the dorsolateral corticospinal tracts involved in

A
  • some control of muscles in the face

- distal muscles of arms and legs

30
Q

What does the corticospinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system do?

A
  • axons branch
  • and innervate interneuron circuits bilaterally
  • in multiple spinal segments
31
Q

What type of projection is found in the corticospinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system?

A

ipsilateral

32
Q

What is the function of the cortico brainstem spinal tract in the ventromedial corticospinal tract system?

A
  • interacts with various brainstem structures

- descends bilaterally

33
Q

Where do the ventro medial corticospinal tracts synapse?

A
  • interneurons
  • of multiple spinal segments
  • controlling proximal trunk and limb muscles
34
Q

5 features of dorsolateral tract

A
  • one direct tract
  • one tract that synapses in the brain stem
  • terminates in one contralateral spinal segment
  • distal muscles
  • limb movements
35
Q

6 features of ventromedial corticospinal tract

A
  • one direct tract
  • one tract that synapses in brain stem
  • more diffuse
  • bilateral innervation
  • proximal muscles
  • posture and whole body movement
36
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

When betz cells gradually die off

37
Q

Where are dorsolateral tracts originating from

A

along more lateral and dorsal area

38
Q

Where are the ventromedial tracts originating from

A

along more ventral and medial areas

39
Q

What areas does the cortical brain stem spinal tract particularly have connection to?

A
  • tectum

- tegmentum

Biopsych Exam 3 (3 decks)

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