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Biopsych Exam 3 > Slide 1 > Flashcards

Slide 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of motor neurons

A
  • brain -> spinal cord -> muscles

- descending neural pathway

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2
Q

Common misconception about sensorimotor control

A

-misconception: sensorimotor control is just about muscle control

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3
Q

What does movement primarily depend on?

A
  • overall plan

- constant sensory feedback

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4
Q

Where is the motor cortex found in relation to the somatosensory cortex?

A

-right next to each other

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5
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

frontal lobe

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6
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A
  • postcentral gyrus

- in parietal lobe

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7
Q

Which cortex is responsible for sensorimotor input/outor?

A

input: sensory cortex
output: motor cortex

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8
Q

Which side of the body does the left side of the motor cortex control?

A

right side

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9
Q

Which side does the left hemisphere of the sensory cortex receive input from?

A

right side of the body

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10
Q

What are the 3 categories of movement of the sensorimotor system

A

1) Voluntary movement
2) Reflexes
3) Rhythmic motor patterns

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11
Q

Describe voluntary movements

A
  • under control

- eg. snapping

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12
Q

Describe reflexes

A
  • automatic
  • involuntary
  • stereotypes
  • rapid
  • eg. knee jerk reflex
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13
Q

Describe rhythmic motor patterns

A
  • repeated patterns of movement
  • mediated by central pattern generators
  • eg. respiration
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14
Q

4 Principles of sensorimotor function

A
  • Hierarchical Organization
  • Parallel Processing
  • Sensory feedback essential
  • Motor system learns
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15
Q

Describe hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor function

A

-Association cortex -> secondary motor cortex -> primary motor cortex -> brain stem motor nuclei -> spinal motor circuits

  • complex processing at the top (association cortex)
  • simple processing at the bottom (muscles)
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16
Q

Describe parallel processing in sensorimotor system

A

signals flow between levels over multiple paths

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17
Q

Why is sensory feedback essential in the sensorimotor system?

A

motor output is guided by sensory input

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18
Q

Define motor learning

A
  • process by which motor programs are created and modified

- learned, fixed sequence of movements

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19
Q

Give an example of motor learning

A

playing piano

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20
Q

What is a motor unit?

A
  • a single motor neuron
  • and the muscles in innervates
  • all fibers contract when the motor neurons fire
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21
Q

What are flexors?

A
  • example of skeletal muscle
  • muscles contracts
  • and bends a joint
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22
Q

Give an example of a flexor

A

bicep

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23
Q

What are extensors?

A
  • example of a skeletal muscles
  • muscle contacts
  • and straightens a joint
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24
Q

Give an example of an extensory

A

tricep

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25
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

-2 sets of muscles which cause opposite movements

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26
Q

Given an example of antagonistic muscles

A

biceps and triceps

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27
Q

What are synergistic muscles?

A

-2 sets of muscles which cause the same movement when they contract

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28
Q

Give an example of synergistic muscles

A

-biceps and brachioradialis

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29
Q

What are skeletal muscles made up of?

A

myocytes

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30
Q

What are myoctyes?

A

muscle fibers

31
Q

What is a motor pool?

A

All motor units controlling the same muscle

32
Q

What is movement precision based on?

A

innervation ratio

33
Q

What is innervation ratio?

A

ration of motor neurons to muscle fibers

34
Q

What does a low innervation ratio result in?

A

precise movements

-eg. hand/eyes

35
Q

What does a high innervation ratio result in?

A

less-precise movements

36
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction of a motor unit?

A
  • motor neuron
  • connects to
  • motor end plate of muscle fiber
  • action potential in motor neuron releases acetycholine
  • causes muscles to contract
37
Q

What chemical is released to cause muscles to contract?

A

acetycholine

38
Q

2 main components of a motor unit

A
  • muscles

- neuromuscular junction

39
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A
  • somatosensory receptors
  • that transmit info
  • regarding the position or movement of a body part
  • eg. muscle or joint
40
Q

What are the two proprioceptors in the sensorimotor

A
  • Golgi tendon organs

- Muscle spindles

41
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs embedded?

A

embedded in tendons

42
Q

What do golgi tendon organs respond to?

A

-changes in muscle tension

43
Q

What is the function of golgi tendon organs?

A

protect muscles from being overstretched

causes muscles to relax

44
Q

Process of golgi tendon function

A
  • golgi tendon organs detect tension
  • send action potential to spinal cord
  • activate motor neurons
  • cause muscles to relax
45
Q

Where are muscle spindles embedded?

A

in muscle tissue

46
Q

What do muscle spindles respond to?

A

changes in muscle length

47
Q

What is the function of muscle spindles

A

cause contraction

48
Q

mechanics of muscle spindles

A
  • has its own intrafusal muscle

- innervated by its own intrafusal motor neurons

49
Q

Role if intrafusal motor neurons

A
  • adjust length of intrafusal muscles

- which maintains an appropriate degree of mucsle tension

50
Q

Give 2 types of reflex

A
  • stretch reflex

- withdrawal reflex

51
Q

What is another name for the stretch reflex?

A

patellar tendon reflex

52
Q

When does the stretch reflex occur?

A

when length of a muscle issuddenly extended

53
Q

True or false: stretch relexes are monosynaptic

A

true

54
Q

What is monosynaptic?

A

only involves 1 synapse

55
Q

Process of a stretch reflex

A
  • afferent neuron brings sensory signal into spinal cord
  • efferent neuron sends motor command
  • muscle contracts
56
Q

When does the withdrawal reflex occur?

A

occurs when one touches something painful

57
Q

How is the withdrawal reflex different from the stretch reflex

A
  • not monosynaptic

- involves interneurons

58
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A
  • some neurons excite excitatory interneurons
  • other neurons excite inhibitory interneurons
  • excitatory interneuron causes contraction of bicep
  • inhibitory interneuron causes relaxation of tricep
59
Q

Which interneuron causes the contraction of a bicep?

A

excitatory

60
Q

Which interneuron causes the relaxation of triceps?

A

inhibitory

61
Q

What is recurrent collateral inhibition?

A
  • feedback loop
  • through Renshaw cells
  • gives muscle fibres a rest
  • after every contraction
62
Q

What is the purpose of recurrent collateral inhibition?

A
  • purpose is to distribute work
  • between different motor units
  • of a muscle’s motor pool
63
Q

Steps of recurrent collateral inhibition

A
  • motor neuron branches (collateral axon)
  • interneuron
  • inhibits that motor neuron
64
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A
  • anterior to the central fissure

- along the precentral gyrus

65
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organized

A

somatotopic organization

66
Q

Penfields studies

A
  • mapping the functions of various regions of the brain

- if a part of a brain is stimulated, which body part will it affect?

67
Q

True or false: primary motor cortex is primarily contralateral ie. right side of brain controls left side of body

A

true

68
Q

What is the major function of the primary motor cortex?

A

initiating body movements

69
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex receive input from?

A
  • secondary motor areas
  • prefrontal cortex
  • primary somatosensory cortex
70
Q

Properties of primary motor cortex neurons

A

-code for direction in which limb is meant to travel
-individual neurons have diff directional preferences
-fire in relation to target location
-

71
Q

What are the effects of damage to the primary motor cortex

A
  • Mostly contralateral defecitys
  • causes asterognosia
  • response weakness (speed, accuracy, strength)
  • difficulty in moving body parts
72
Q

What is the effect of damage to s2/association cortex?

A
  • somatosensory agnosia

- asterognosia

73
Q

What is asterognosia?

A

inability to recognize objects by touch

74
Q

True or false: damage to primary motor cortex can cause paralysis

A

false

Biopsych Exam 3 (3 decks)

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