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Sleeping Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sleep?

A

A biological process

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2
Q

How many different types of sleep are there? And what are they?

A
  • 2
  • Rapid eye movement (REM)
  • Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
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3
Q

Describe a typical sleep cycle.

A
  • NREM Stage 1: Eyes closed but easy to wake up
  • NREM Stage 2: Light sleep, the heart rate slows, and the body temperature drops
  • NREM Stage 3: Deep sleep stage, much harder to rouse
  • REM: Usually 90m after falling asleep. The brain wave frequencies jump to high active, heart rate and breathing quickens when intense dreams occur
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4
Q

REM sleep accounts for what % of sleep?

A

20-25%

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5
Q

How long does a typical stage of REM sleep last?

A

10 minutes

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6
Q

How many phases do we go through of NREM sleep in a typical night?

A

3

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7
Q

How long does each phase of NREM sleep last?

A

5-15 minutes

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8
Q

How long does it take for REM sleep to occur once you’ve fallen asleep?

A

90 minutes

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9
Q

What happens in REM sleep?

A

The brain wave frequencies jump to highly active and the heart rate and breathing quickens when an intense dream occurs

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10
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 1 sleep?

A

Eyes are closed but it is easy to wake up from

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11
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 2 sleep?

A

This is light sleep, the heart rate will slow and the body temperature will drop

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12
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 3 sleep?

A

This is when deep sleep happens and it is hard to rouse from

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13
Q

What are the 3 main theories of sleep?

A
  • Restoration
  • Energy conservation
  • Brain function
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14
Q

Explain the Restoration theory of sleep.

A
  • Revitalisation/restoration of physiological and mental processes
  • Support for this theory: When asleep the body increases its rate of cell division and protein synthesis
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15
Q

Explain the Energy Conservation theory of sleep.

A
  • This is bases on the evolutionary theory

- We sleep to save calories/avoid predators

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16
Q

Explain the Brain Function theory of sleep.

A
  • Uses to process and consolidate memories, strengthening the neural connections
  • Support for this theory: If we don’t get enough sleep, the deprivation can affect both learning and recall
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17
Q

How much of our life is spent asleep?

A

36%

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18
Q

What is a Dyssomnia disorder?

A

The trouble of initiating or maintaining sleep or of an excessive amount of sleepiness

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19
Q

How are Dyssomnia disorders characterised?

A

By the disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

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20
Q

What is Primary Insomnia?

A

The difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep

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21
Q

What is Hypersomnia?

A

Excessive sleepiness

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22
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

Irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep

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23
Q

What is Parasomnia?

A

Abnormal behaviour/psychological events during sleep, e.g. nightmare disorder

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24
Q

Who is sleep disruption frequently reported by?

A

Mental health patients, with psychiatric disorders

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25
Q

Are mental illness and sleep related?

A

They are not just associated but are physically linked within the brain

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26
Q

What have recent studies shown in regards to mental health being associated with sleep?

A

Recent studies have shown the there may be a mechanistic origin between mental health and sleep as genes associated with generating normal sleep are somewhat ‘faulty’ in individuals with schizophrenia

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27
Q

How has artificial light impacted upon our sleep?

A

It may have encouraged a later sleep onset time, and also a tendency to sleep in one concentrated burst, instead of in a more segmented pattern like undeveloped societies

28
Q

How does our sleep differ from a century ago?

A

We sleep around an hour less each night

29
Q

How does our sleep differ from before industrialisation and electricity?

A

It is thought that we sleep several hours less

30
Q

Explain some cultural differences in regards to napping.

A

42% in Brazil

12% in Japan

31
Q

Explain some cultural differences in regards to sleep disturbances.

A

32% Belgium

10% Austria

32
Q

Explain some cultural differences in regards to sleep medication.

A

53% South African

10% Austria

33
Q

How much does the average French person sleep a night?

A

Almost 9 hours

34
Q

How much does the average Japanese or Korean sleep a night?

A

Less than 8 hours

35
Q

How much later are Asian children’s betimes on average than Caucasian children’s?

A

2 hours

36
Q

How much do Japanese children sleep less than New Zealand children?

A

1.7 hours

37
Q

Describe the cross cultural differences in likelihood of sharing a bed

A

Vietnamese 82%

New Zealand 6%

38
Q

How much did 3 month old American infants sleep per day on average?

A

13 hours

39
Q

How much did 3 month old Dutch infants sleep per day on average?

A

15 hours

40
Q

Who went to bed earlier, Dutch or American infants?

A

Dutch children went to bed significantly earlier up to the age of 8

41
Q

What are American/Northern European parents like with bedtime routines?

A
  • Well established routines
  • Strict and adhered to
  • Parents worried about children getting enough sleep
42
Q

What are Southern European parents like with bedtime routines?

A
  • Allow children to participate in late night family events
  • Children generally fall asleep on someones lap or in a care
  • Parents less worried about children getting enough sleep
43
Q

What is co-sleeping?

A

The situation where a caregiver and an infant sleep alongside one another with a sensory link connecting them

44
Q

What advice does the USA give about co-sleeping?

A

Mental health professionals advise that infants should fall asleep alone at bedtime and remain alone throughout the night

45
Q

What does the USA think about bed-sharing?

A

It is unsafe and hazardous

46
Q

What advice does the USA give about room-sharing?

A

Could lead to a reduction in SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)

47
Q

What advice does the UK give about co-sleeping?

A
  • Baby should be put in a cot in the parent room
48
Q

What medical advice is there on night-time separation from infants?

A

Night-time separation is seen as essentials for a healthy psychological development. Parents should avoid co-sleeping

49
Q

What are some concerns of co-sleeping?

A
  • Smothering
  • Increased likelihood of catching a contagious illness
  • Breaking the habit becomes harder
  • Over sexual stimulation
50
Q

Discuss co-sleeping of the middle class of the USA.

A
  • 11% of 18-36m shared a bed 3 or more night a week

- 15% shared a room

51
Q

What % of 18-36 month old babies shared a bed 3 or more nights a week?

A

11%

52
Q

Out of 19 infants taken from a week educated US family how many slept in a separate room by 3 months old

A

18/19

53
Q

What evidence is there that co-sleeping might be a good thing?

A
  • Early and sustained contact enhances breast feeding, attachment and general infant health
  • Child has a biological need for contact, separation at night goes against this
54
Q

When testing 100 sociétés around the world how many had separate rooms for their babies

A

Just the US parents

55
Q

In 12 communities test, how many of the infants slept with the parent until weaning

A

11

56
Q

Out of 136 societies tested how many infants slept in the same bed as their parents?

A

2/3

57
Q

What are Mayan parents views on separating the infant and mother at night?

A

Abusive/neglectful treatment

58
Q

Where is considered ‘unthinkable’ to let a baby cry itself to sleep

A

East Africa

59
Q

What are Japanese child like in regards to sleeping behaviours with their mothers?

A

They usually sleep next to their mothers in early childhood, and continue to sleep with another parent or family member until the age of 15

60
Q

What are the main differences in Sami and Norwegian child-rearing practices?

A
  • Sami children were often co-slept with, Norwegian children were not
  • Sami children were deemed to be more socially independent and less demanding of parental attending during play time than the Norwegians
61
Q

What does solidarity when sleeping increase the need for?

A

‘Objects’ to sleep with

62
Q

How do Gibbons sleep with their mothers?

A

They huddle

63
Q

Explain Great Apes sleeping patterns/arrangements.

A

Offspring stay with their mother until around 5 years old

64
Q

What are the negatives to not co-sleeping with your child?

A
  • Less bonding between you both
  • Breastfeeding may be impacted negatively
  • Long periods of quiet sleep alone could mean a higher change of SIDS
65
Q

Explain the 1970s - 1980s views on infant sleeping position.

A

Infants should go on their stomachs, as this was believed to reduce sleep related movement, and promote a deeper and less interrupted sleep

66
Q

Explain the 1990s view on infant sleeping position.

A

Sleeping on stomach was associated with SIDS, lateral sleeping recommended

67
Q

Explain the current view on infant sleeping position.

A

Lateral sleeping is discouraged, sleeping on the back is recommend in all Western countries

Psychology (8 decks)

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