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Psychology > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is emotion?

A

A strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood or relationships with others

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2
Q

What is the traditional view of emotion?

A

It is an internal state is are expressed behaviourally in line with display rules

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3
Q

What is the functionalist perspective of emotion?

A

Emotions are used to communicate during social interactions and to create changes in the environment

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4
Q

When is emotional behaviour present from?

A

Birth - the very first feed

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5
Q

Describe a study that shows emotion is present from a very early age.

A
  • Newborns responses to their first feed were videotaped within a double blind setting
  • Where they were either given a sweet or sour liquid
  • It was found that babies produced 2 distinct facial expressions
  • Sweet: slight smile
  • Bitter: Mouth corners down, pursed lips
  • The observers could judge whether or not the babies like or disliked the liquid
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6
Q

How do the facial expressions of children change as they get older?

A

They are more easily differentiated and distinguished

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7
Q

Describe a study about how children’s facial expressions become more distinguished and differentiated.

A
  • Longitudinal study was done to examine infants expressions during a vaccination
  • Ranged from 2 - 7 months old
  • The younger babies showed generalised distress
  • Older babies showed a distinctly angry expression
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8
Q

When are children said to show a full range of emotions?

A

3 years old

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9
Q

When are the primary emotions present within a child?

A

Within the first 6 months

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10
Q

What are the primary emotions known for/characterised by?

A

Being biologically based and universal

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11
Q

What are the positive primary emotions?

A

Joy, happiness, contentment

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12
Q

What are the negative primary emotions?

A

Sadness, anger, disgust, fear

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13
Q

When do secondary emotions develop and is this the same for everyone?

A

With cognitive maturity, but they vary across individuals and cultures

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14
Q

What are secondary emotions?

A

Self-conscious emotions: acing on awareness of others’ attention

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15
Q

What are some examples of earlier secondary emotions?

A

Bashfulness, coyness

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16
Q

What are some examples of later secondary emotions?

A

Guilt, pride, shame

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17
Q

What do primary emotions contribute towards?

A

Cognitive development

18
Q

What is required for secondary emotions to development?

A

Basic cognitive development from the primary emotions

19
Q

What evidence is there that secondary emotions are developed earlier than 2 years?

A
  • Infants were videotaped for 30 mins for 7 - 20 weeks
  • All of the infants showed coy smiles which were similar to adults or younger children
  • Shows that coyness is promoted by onset of social attention
20
Q

What evidence is there that infants are able to distinguish and then react appropriately to the emotional expressions given from others?

A
  • 10 week old infants were interacting with their mothers
  • Mothers showed either a happy, sad or angry face
  • Found babies responded differently to different face. If the mother looked angry they looked angry, same w/ happy etc.
21
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Process characterised by the use of one’s perception of another person’s interpretation of the situation to form one’s own understanding of the situation

22
Q

When can social referencing happen in infants?

A

If the situation is particularly distressing or ambiguous, the infant may look to caregiver to gauge an emotional reference point

23
Q

When can social referencing happen in infants?

A

If the situation is particularly distressing or ambiguous, the infant may look to caregiver to gauge an emotional reference point

24
Q

Describe a study that shows mothers being a social reference point for their child and the results of it.

A
  • Visual Cliff Experiment
  • The visual cliff was created with a glass table top with a checker-board pattern underneath with a deep drop off point.
  • Mother stood on opposite side and was told to adopt wither a happy or fearful face
  • Found that infants were more likely to cross if mothers looked happy
  • Out of 19 infants 14 crossed if mother looked happy
  • Out of 17, 0 crossed with fearful face
25
Q

What type of emotion expression is universal?

A

Primary

26
Q

What type of emotion expression is universal?

A

Primary

27
Q

What evidence is there that primary emotions are universal?

A
  • Infants are able to read parents facial expressions

- Cross cultural recognition (Himba & Western)

28
Q

What are cultural display rules?

A

Cultural rules that dictate when. where and how one should express emotion

29
Q

Describe a study that shows display rules cross-culturally related to disgust.

A
  • Japanese and Americans
  • Watched a highly stressful video in 2 conditions, one with experimenter one without
  • Japanese participants showed disgust both times
  • Americans showed disgust alone and smiled when experimenter was present
30
Q

How does saying no differ in the USA to Japan?

A 
USA are more straight up:
- Won't work
- We can't do that
Japanese less so:
- Thats interesting 
- We would like to think about that
31
Q

How does the cultural differences effect emotion that is written?

A
  • There are many english words e.g. unwinding that don’t have an equivalent in other languages and vice versa.
32
Q

What are they dual influences of emotion?

A
  1. Universal, biologically innate factors

2. Culturally specific, learned display rules

33
Q

What is emotion regulation?

A

The process of initiating, maintaining, modulating or changing the occurrence, intensity, or duration or internal feelings started and emotion-related psychological processes, often in the service of accomplishing ones goals

34
Q

Why is acquiring emotion regulatory skills a major task for children?

A

It allows for the transition of the relative passive/reactive emotions which allows the child to start regulating its behaviours, this improves with age

35
Q

Give some examples of individual differences within children

A
  • Genger
  • Temperament
  • Neurobiological systems
  • Cognitive components
36
Q

What is an external influence on a child?

A

The social environment, e.g. parenting

37
Q

There are links between parenting and what?

A

Disruptive behaviour

38
Q

Through regular interactions parents provide infants with what?

A

A repertoire of emotion regulation skills

39
Q

What do infants learn to associate caregivers with?

A

They learn to associate between caregivers and particular behaviours, which lead to changes in their state of arousal

40
Q

What current research is there into child emotion regulation?

A
  • Longitudinal study
  • 136 infants
  • 15 months - 37 months
  • Child is presented with a novel interactive toy, it is then taken away and put behind a plexiglass screen
  • This process is repeated with different levels of mother involvement; not involved, verbally involved, freely involved
  • From this they can see how emotion regulation develops over time
  • The differences in the child’s reactivity and emotion regulatory behaviours with and without mother
  • The quality of the interaction that she provides
41
Q

What are some previous research and predictions in regards to emotion regulation?

A
  • Emotion regulation improves with age
  • Infants distress with decrease with age, and regulatory strategies will increase
  • Infants distress will decrease with maternal involvement, whilst he use of regulatory strategies will increase
42
Q

When are secondary emotions said to appear in children?

A

2 years old

Psychology (8 decks)

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