Sleep disorders

Question 1

The brain actively regulates sleep and wake

Answer 1

Lesions involving the lateral hypothalamus–>narcolepsy

Lesions at the juncture of the midbrain and posterior hypothalamus=hypersomnia

Lesions of basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus- insomnia

Question 2

sleep promoting system

Answer 2

GABA, ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), Median preoptic nucleus

Question 3

arousal/wake system

Answer 3

Neutotransmitters, amino acids, and peptides: histamine tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN), Dopamine in vental Tegmental area (VTA)

Norepinephrine NE in locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin (5ht) midbrain raphe nuclei

Ach- basal forebrain, pedunculopontine, laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
Orexin- lateralhypothalamus, glutamate, suprachiasmatic nuclei

Question 4

internal circadian timing system

Answer 4

Cellular clocks keep near 24 hour biological time via a classic negative feedback loop

Photic input–> master clock (SCN) –> output–> peripheral clocks

Question 5

Genetic circadian sleep wake disorders, sleep phase syndromes

Answer 5

Advanced: to bed early, up before the sun, 5% of population, early morning awakening, sleepiness in the evening

Deleayed: to bed late, never up before the sun, oversleeps, sleepiness during the morning hours

Question 6

narcolepsy with cataplexy

Answer 6

often presents in early adulthood

Sleep attacks, inappropriate sleepiness, sleep paralysis, cataplexy, vivd dreams