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Y3 - Neuro > Sleep Disorders > Flashcards

Sleep Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Why is sleep important?

A

Tissue recovery

Resting of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What does sleep deprivation cause?

A

Impaired alertness
Irritability
Concentration lapses
Reduced ability to think or react in potentially dangerous situations

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3
Q

What is non-REM sleep?

A

Most abundant type
Light and deep states
Deep state is associated with rest and recovery

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of non-REM sleep?

A

Rhythmic EEG activity
Partial muscle relaxation
Non narrative dreams
Decreased HR, BP, tidal volume and cerebral perfusion

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A

The state in-between non-REM sleep and wakefulness

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep?

A

Increased EEG activity
Loss of all muscle tone except in the diaphragm and extra-ocular
Narrative dreams
Increased cerebral blood flow

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7
Q

What is the sleep cycle?

A

Standard sleep moves from light non-REM to deep non-REM, to light non-REM then REM sleep
Multiple cycles happen in one night

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8
Q

What are non-REM parasomnias?

A

A group of non-dreaming sleep disorders

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9
Q

How are sleep disorders diagnosed?

A

History and overnight sleep studies

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10
Q

Who are non-REM parasomnias more common in?

A

Children and younger adults

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11
Q

What are the risk factors and triggers for non-REM parasomnias?

A

Stress
Exercise
Alcohol
Emotional upset

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12
Q

What are examples of non-REM parasomnias?

A 
Bruxism
Confusional arousals
Somnambulism
Sleep terrors
Restless sleep
Sleep talking
Sleep sex
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13
Q

What is bruxism?

A

Teeth grinding

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14
Q

What are confusional arousals?

A

Confusion upon waking for seconds to minutes

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15
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Sleep walking

Patient is unaware of that they are going and wont remember it after they wake up

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16
Q

What are sleep terrors?

A

Usually occur within the first hours of going to sleep

Can involve paralysis, sitting up screaming or lashing out and then falling back to sleep

17
Q

What are REM parasomnias?

A

Dreaming sleep disorders

18
Q

Who are REM parasomnias more common in?

A

Men over 50

19
Q

What are REM parasomnias associated with?

A

Alcohol
Parkinson’s
Lewy body dementia
Drugs such as antidepressants

20
Q

What is the most common REM parasomnia?

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder

21
Q

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder associated with?

A

Lack of atonia
Acting out dreams, with this involving motor activity, violence and vocalisation
Generally more simple behaviours than seen in non-REM disorders

22
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Disorder where the patient experiences uncontrollable and unresistable daytime somnolence

23
Q

Who are more likely to present with narcolepsy?

A

Peaks of onset: age 15, age 36

24
Q

What is the aetiology of narcolepsy?

A

Unknown - thought to be linked to low levels of hypocretin

25
Q

What are the clinical features of narcolepsy?

A

Daytime somnolence
Cataplexy
Hypnagogic hallucinations at the onset of sleep
Sleep paralysis on falling or waking form sleep

26
Q

What is daytime somnolence?

A

Uncontrollable and un-resistible desire to fall asleep, at any time even while talking or eating

27
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Complete loss of muscle tone in response to extremes of emotion such as fear or surprise

28
Q

How is narcolepsy diagnosed?

A

Overnight sleep studies
Multiple sleep latency tests - will fall asleep quickly and progress quickly to REM sleep
LP - low hypocretin

29
Q

What is the management for narcolepsy?

A 
Stimulants - modafinil (reduce daytime somnolence)
Sodium oxybate (reduces cataplexy and ability to sleep at night)
30
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Sleep disorder in which there is difficulty in being able to sleep and resultantly too little sleep
Usually psychogenic in nature (anxiety, stress)

31
Q

What is the management for insomnia?

A

Treat underlying cause
Promote good sleep
Hypnotic drugs - zopiclone (short term only)

Y3 - Neuro (14 decks)

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