Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 - Neuro > Headache > Flashcards

Headache Flashcards

1
Q

What does a headache with scalp tenderness indicate?

A

Giant cell arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a headache that is abrupt and sudden onset indicate?

A

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a headache with changes in vision (+/- papilloedema) indicate?

A

Glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a headache that wakes you up at night indicate?

A

Raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a headache that is worse in the morning/lying down indicate?

A

Raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a headache with fever, neck stiffness, photophobia indicate?

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a headache with focal neurological signs (numbness, tingling, weakness, drowsiness) indicate?

A

Raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a headache with nausea, vomiting indicate?

A

Raised ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What features of a headache would indicate raised ICP?

A

Wakes you up at night
Worse in the morning/when lying down
Focal neurological signs (numbness, tingling, weakness, drowsiness)
Nausea, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who are more likely to get migraines?

A

Females
Teens to early 20s
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What proportion of migraines occur with and without aura?

A

With aura - 20%

Without aura - 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are triggers for migraines?

A 
Travel
Exercise
Stress/anxiety
Hormonal changes (pre-menstrual period)
Food (chocolate, cheese, caffeine, alcohol)
May not be one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the prodrome phase of a migraine?

A

Early signs that indicate the onset of a migraine that can precede the headache by hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of symptoms that can occur in the prodrome phase of a migraine?

A

Yawning
Food cravings
Changes in sleep, appetite and mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the aura phase of a migraine?

A

Stereotyped focal neurological symptoms in a migraine that precede the headache by minutes to an hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of symptoms that can occur in the aura phase of a migraine?

A

Visual: flashes, distortion, hemianopia
Somatosensory: paraesthesia
Motor: weakness, ataxia, dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the features of the headache in a migraine?

A 
Unilateral
Throbbing and pulsating
Lasts 4-72 hours
Made worse by movement
Associated with at least 2 of: photophobia, phonophobia, or osmophobia (aversion to odours)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features make a diagnosis of migraine without aura?

A

Unilateral pushing headache
Made worse by movement
Associated with photophobia, phonophobia and nausea/vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 strategies of management of migraines?

A

Acute relief
Prophylaxis
Lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the management for acute relief of migraines?

A

1st - NSAIDs (aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen) + paracetamol

2nd - higher dose of aspirin or triptan (sumatriptan/rizatriptin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the problem with triptans, and what is the guidance to prevent this?

A

Can cause dependency and rebound headaches

Shouldn’t be taken more than twice a week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can be done for prophylaxis of migraines?

A

Avoid triggers
Medication if >3 attacks per months that are associated with considerable disability
Options: propranolol, amitriptyline, topiramate, gabapentin, valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What lifestyle measures can be taken to avoid migraines?

A

Diet - avoid triggers, keep healthy and balanced
Hydration - lots of water, avoid caffeine
Decrease stress
Regular exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are examples of triggers for tension headaches?

A

Stress
Tiredness
Noise
Excessive concentration or staring at screen for too long

25
Q

What is the presentation of tension headaches?

A

Either episodic or chronic
Bilateral pressure or tightness in the head
Mild to moderate in severity
Lasts between 30 mins and a week

26
Q

What features are absent in tension headaches?

A

Nausea, vomiting
Photophobia, phonophobia
Not made worse by movement or activity

27
Q

What is the management for tension headaches?

A

Acute - paracetamol/NSAIDs

Antidepressants - dothiepin or amitriptyline

28
Q

What is the management for chronic tension headaches?

A

Discourage regular analgesia (not more than 3 times a week)

Relaxation therapies

29
Q

What are cluster headaches?

A

Clusters of headaches where multiple attacks happen most days over a 1-3 month period

30
Q

How many attacks need to have occurred for a diagnosis of cluster headaches to be made?

A

At least 5

31
Q

What is the presentation of cluster headaches?

A

Commonly at night
Severe
Unilateral - always on the same side of the head
Around the orbit, supraorbital or temporal areas
Last 30 mins to 3 hours
Associated ipsilateral autonomic symptoms
Associated restlessness, agitation and relief is sought by wandering

32
Q

What are the ipsilateral autonomic symptoms associated with cluster headaches

A

Lacrimation
Miosis and ptosis
Conjunctival injection and swelling
Facial flushing and rhinorrhoea

33
Q

What is the management of acute attacks of cluster headaches?

A

1st - high flow oxygen
2nd - triptan
Prednisolone can be given to try to minimise the cluster and should be started along with a prophylaxis

34
Q

What is the prophylactic management of cluster headaches?

A

1st - verapamil
2nd - topiramate
Others are gabapentin, pregabalin, lithium, valproate

35
Q

What are the primary headache disorders?

A

Migraine
Tension
Cluster
Paroxysmal Hemicrania / Hemicrania Continua
Short Lasting Uniform Neuralgiform Headache
Post Coital
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

36
Q

What are causes of secondary headaches?

A 
Meningitis
GCA
Sinusitis
Acute glaucoma
Medication overuse (opiates, triptans, paracetamol, benzodiazepines)
37
Q

What are paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua?

A

Primary headache disorders that have similar types of headache and associated autonomic features as cluster headaches
But do not occur in clusters, and they are paroxysmal - lasting 2-30 mins, 5 headaches per day experienced
Continua - present for 3 months with attacks of greater intensity
Show definite response to indomethacin

38
Q

What are short-lasting uniform neuralgiform headaches?

A

Unilateral stabbing type headaches similar to cluster headaches
Attacks last seconds - 10 mins, numerous (50-60) attacks can be experienced in a single day

39
Q

What is a SUNCT?

A

Short-lasting Uniform Neuralgiform headache with Conjunctival injection and Tearing

40
Q

What is a SUNA?

A

Short-lasting Uniform Neuralgiform headache with cranial nerve Autonomic symptoms

41
Q

What is a post-coital headache?

A

One that builds during sexual excitement and is associated with a burst of intensity just before or during orgasm

42
Q

Who gets idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Females

Obesity

43
Q

What are red flags for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Headache with diurnal variation and morning nausea and vomiting
Visual loss - blurred visual disc with haemorrhages

44
Q

What is idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Unexplained raised ICP causing symptoms

45
Q

What investigations are done for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

MRI brain - normal
CSF - elevated pressure
Visual fields
Fundoscopy - flattened optic disc

46
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Weight loss
Acetazolamide
Ventricular atrial/lumbar peritoneal shunt
Monitor visual fields and CSF pressure

47
Q

What are symptoms of secondary headache caused by GCA?

A

Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication
Absent temporal pulses

48
Q

What are symptoms of secondary headache caused by sinusitis?

A

Facial fullness or pain
Worse on bending over
Associated with URTI and postnasal drip

49
Q

What are symptoms of secondary headache caused by acute glaucoma?

A

Older patients with severe pain around the eye
Nausea, vomiting
Reduced visual acuity and visual halos

50
Q

What are symptoms of secondary headache caused by medication overuse?

A

Similar to tension headache
Typical history - someone experiencing episodic headaches so began regularly using analgesics and headache has now become chronic

51
Q

What drugs can cause headache in overuse?

A

Opiates
Triptans
Paracetamol
Benzodiazepines

52
Q

What are causes of facial pain?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

TMJ dysfunction

53
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Facial pain due to blood dilation and compression of the trigeminal nerve as it leaves the cranium

54
Q

What is the presentation of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Sudden onset unilateral intense, stabbing pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve
Attacks tend to last seconds to minutes
Can be caused by triggers

55
Q

What are triggers for trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Washing
Shaving
Eating
Talking

56
Q

What is the management of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

1st - anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine)
2nd - surgical intervention

57
Q

Who are more commonly affected by the causes of facial pain?

A

Trigeminal neuralgia - men

TMJ dysfunction - women 20-40

58
Q

What is the presentation of TMJ dysfunction?

A

Cyclical or constant facial pain upon using the jaw
Noise from and abnormal movements of the TMJ
Tenderness over the muscles of mastication

59
Q

What is the management of TMJ dysfunction?

A

Rest
Physiotherapy
NSAIDs if it continues after period of rest

Y3 - Neuro (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions