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Semester 5 FSNM Exam 7 > Sleep and Wakefulness > Flashcards

Sleep and Wakefulness Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep current definition

A

Highly organized state generated by the cooperative interplay of many bx and neural components

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2
Q

EEG of an awake brain

A

Low voltage, high frequency, fast activity

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3
Q

EEG of an asleep brain

A

Amplitude higher, but less frequency

Slow, synchronized oscillatory, activity is low

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4
Q

EOG is looking at what

A

eye movements to segment sleep based on the eye movement

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5
Q

EMG is looking at what

A

muscle tone

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6
Q

2 main phases of sleep

A

NREM

REM

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7
Q

NREM has how many stages

A

4

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8
Q

Stage 1 NREM

A

Transition from awake to sleeping

Start to see dec in EEG high freq activity

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9
Q

Stage 2 NREM

A

First true stage of sleep

EEG shows spindle waves and K complexes

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10
Q

Stage 2 NREM - spindle waves and K complexes are reflective of what

A

Oscillations between thalamus and cerebral cortex - reflective of gradual relaxation and hyperpolarization of neurons

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11
Q

Stage 2 NREM - what happens

A 
Muscle tone dec
Arousal dec
Respiration dec
Temp dec
Eyes roll back and forth
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12
Q

Stage 3 NREM

A

See greater delta wave oscillations, greater slow wave oscillations - signal inc synchronization of cortical and thalamic activity
Further reduction in arousal

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13
Q

Stage 4 NREM

A

Dominance of slow wave activity

Deepest stage of sleep

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14
Q

Sleep cycle consists of

A

Stage 1-4 NREM
Reverse 4-1
REM

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15
Q

What happens as the sleep cycle continues throughout the night

A

Depth of NREM decreases

Duration in REM increases

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16
Q

Sleep in REM - what happens on EEG

A

It goes back to state of higher frequency activity

Brain is activated

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17
Q

Sleep in REM - what happens

A

Inc head movement
Inc HR and RR
Dreams are longer, visual, emotional, not connected to events of daily life

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18
Q

Sleep in REM - what percent of total sleep time

A

25%

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19
Q

Circadian Rhythms - are what

A

day-night cycle

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20
Q

What is responsible for Circadian rhythms

A

Specific retinal ganglion cells that respond to light
Project to suprachiasmic nucleus in the hypothalamus
Firing frequency of the neurons in the nucleus follow an endogenous circadian rhythm

21
Q

What is the master clock, pacemaker that organizes sleep

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

22
Q

Sleep - rhythm within sleep of NREM and REM is controlled by what

A

Brainstem appears to be critical for switch
REM on cells that fire during REM - cholinergic
REM off cells that maximally fire at offset of REM - serotonergic

23
Q

Sleep - rhythm within sleep of NREM and REM - where are the REM on and off cells located

A

Pontine and geniculate nuclei of the brainstem

24
Q

Sleep deficit is what

A

Level of sleepiness

Naturally builds up throughout the day

25
Q

Circadian rhythm is defined as what when it comes to determining sleep drive

A

Defines alertness peaks and wanes throughout the day

26
Q

Sleep drive is defined as what

A

the difference beteen sleep deficit (sleepiness) and circadian rhythm (alertness)

27
Q

As you get older what happens

A

Found that people don’t sleep as much

28
Q

Sleep disorders - what percent of people experience significant difficulties with sleep on occasion

A

more than 50%

29
Q

Statistics for people who suffer from chronic sleep problems

A

1 in 5 people
Disruption of sleep and waking is the most common prevalent health disorder in the US! - most common complaint when people go to see their PCP

30
Q

The most common for of sleep disruption is

A

insomnia

31
Q

Insomnia description

A

Can be prolonged/severe or temporary/mild
Incidence inc with age
More common in F

32
Q

Insomnia is defined as what

A

Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep or both

Often associated with depression

33
Q

Meds for insomnia

A

Benzodiazapines
Antihistamines
Antidepressants

34
Q

Sleep apnea is what

A

cessation of breathing during sleep

fragmentation of sleep, decrease in sleep quality, daytime sleepiness!

35
Q

Most common type of sleep apnea

A

Obstructive sleep apnea - physical obstruction of pharynx/breathing can cease for 10 sec or more

36
Q

Sleep apnea - incidence

A

increases with age

more common in M

37
Q

Sleep apnea - risk factor for

A

stroke

38
Q

Narcolepsy - impacts what % of pop

A

0.04%

39
Q

Narcolepsy description

A

Sleep and sleep mechanisms invade daytime periods

Sleep at night is fragmented and disrupted

40
Q

Narcolepsy - 5 symptoms

A

1 Sleep attacks during day
2 cataplexy (sudden mm tone, fall, but conscious)
3 hallucinations during transition from sleep to wake
4 sleep paralysis during transition
5 disturbed nocturnal sleep

41
Q

Meds - narcolepsy

A

amphetamines/CNS stimulant

antidepressants

42
Q

Exercise and sleep

A

People who slept better were people who exercised

Correlation but no evidence for causality

43
Q

Exercise can help sleep by

A

Reducing anxiety, reduce depression, temperature regulation, circadian phase shifting effect, improve RLS

44
Q

Sleep disorders and stroke -

A

Obstructive sleep apnea
Insomnia
Habitual snoring

45
Q

Untreated sleep disorders do what to stroke outcome

A

Lengthen hospital stay, influence stroke outcome and re-occurrence

46
Q

Insomnia in TBI

A

30-70% of TBI pt report s/s of insomnia

Can lead to exacerbation of s/s

47
Q

Implications of insomnia and TBI

A

Compromise rehab ability or ability for pt to return to work

48
Q

Sleep disorders in chronic TBI

A

Hypersomnia - 50% - mostly due to sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and periodic limb movement disorder
Insomnia - 25% mostly due to sleep maitenence insomnia and sleep onset insomnia

49
Q

Sleep changes common in acute or chronic TBI

A

BOTH

Semester 5 FSNM Exam 7 (3 decks)

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