Memory and Learning

Question 1

Learning =

Answer 1

A change in behavior that results from acquiring knowledge about the world

Question 2

Memory =

Answer 2

Process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 3

Different types of memory - brain regions

Answer 3

Certain regions of the brain are more important for some types of processing/storage than others

Question 4

Memory - classified in what dimensions

Answer 4

Time course: STM, LTM

The nature of the information stored

Question 5

Short term memory is AKA what

Answer 5

working memory

Less than 1 min

Question 6

Long term memory is divided further into what

Answer 6

Explicit and Declarative

Implicit and Procedural

Question 7

LTM - Declarative - divided into

Answer 7

Episodic

Semantic

Question 8

LTM - explicit memory is what

Answer 8

Conscious

Question 9

LTM - implicit memory is what

Answer 9

Unconscious

Question 10

LTM - Declarative is what

Answer 10

Facts, events

Things that you know that you can tell others

Question 11

LTM - Procedural is what

Answer 11

Skills, tasks

Things you know that you can show by doing

Question 12

LTM - Episodic is what

Answer 12

Events, experiences that are unique to you

Remembering your first day of school

Question 13

LTM - semantic is what

Answer 13

facts, concepts (more common knowledge)

Knowing the capital of France

Question 14

STM - working memory - maintains what

Answer 14

Current, transient, goal relevant knowledge

Question 15

STM - subsystems

Answer 15

One for verbal info

One for visuospatial info

Question 16

STM - verbal

Answer 16

Keeping speech based info in awareness - rehearsing a phone number, keeping grocery list in mind as walk through store

Question 17

STM - visuospatial

Answer 17

retains mental images of visual objects and locations of objects in space
Crucial for motor system and guiding reaching behavior

Question 18

STM is primarily located in what portions

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex

Prefrontal cortex is heavily conencted with parietal lobe/visual input

Question 19

Monkey study - visuospatial working memory

Answer 19

There is a specific part of the prefrontal cortex that is dedicated to visuospatial working memory and it is heavily conencted with the parietal lobe and visual input

Question 20

HM had what removed

Answer 20

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Parts of temporal cortex

Question 21

HM - working memory

Answer 21

Normal! Working memory is more prefrontal so this should not be surprising!
If you told him something (after surgery) he could repeat it back to you

Question 22

HM - LTM events prior to surgery

Answer 22

He could remember
IQ was unchanged
Voacb and ability to speak were fine

Question 23

HM - what was not intact

Answer 23

He could not transfer new info from STM to LTM
He could not make new memories
So he could not remember the phone number even though he could initially, or he couldnt recall people that he met after surgery

Question 24

What does HM tell us about hippocampus

Answer 24

It is not all memory! It seems to be specific for laying down new memory

Question 25

HM - Mirror tracing

Answer 25

He improved! But could not remember having done it the day before - but he did improve so this shows us that his procedural memory was there!

Question 26

LTM - explicit process that requires 4 distinct operations

Answer 26

Encoding
Storage
Consolidation
Retrieval

Question 27

LTM - explicit process that requires 4 distinct operations - Encoding

Answer 27

New information is attended to and linked with existing information in memory

Question 28

LTM - explicit process that requires 4 distinct operations - Storage

Answer 28

Neural mechanisms by which memory is retained over time

Question 29

LTM - explicit process that requires 4 distinct operations - Consolidation

Answer 29

Makes temporarily stored information more stable

Question 30

LTM - explicit process that requires 4 distinct operations - Retrieval

Answer 30

When stored information is recalled

Question 31

LTM - episodic memory

Answer 31

Storage/retrieval appears to depend on interaction of medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex and other higher level association cortices

Question 32

LTM - semantic memory

Answer 32

Storage/retrieval seems to be much more distributed

Form (living things) vs. Function

Question 33

LTM - Semantic memory - Brain scan

Answer 33

Different areas activated when they had to silently name a tool versus an animal!
Distribution of semantic memory - not just one place - it depends on the type of thing you are naming

Question 34

Stages of motor learning

Answer 34

Initial/Cognitive
Intermediate/Associative
Advanced/Automatic

Question 35

Initial/Cognitive - brain

Answer 35

STRONG DEMANDS ON ATTN
Prefrontal - involved in decision making, selection attn process
DLPFC - particular part in prefrontal that is highly activated in trial/error learning
ACC - heavy connections with prefrontal
CBM - provides feedback/error from motor execution
BG - inc activity in caudate

Question 36

Initial/Cognitive - Prefrontal and DFPLC are both involved in

Answer 36

working memory!

Question 37

Initial/Cognitive - Prefrontal + ACC =

Answer 37

cognitive performance monitoring
the oops system - during trial/error learning if the learner makes an error this system becomes highly active and tries to update the upcoming motor plan

Question 38

Intermediate/Associative - Brain

Answer 38

Generally less PFC/DLPFC
Cbm remains active but is less active than initial
BG shift from caudate to putamen/SMA loop becoming more active

Question 39

Advanced/Automatic stage - brain

Answer 39

Overall a change from multiple brain areas to high activity of a focused, smaller set of brain areas
Inc BG SMA/Putamen loop