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Neuro > Sleep and EEGS > Flashcards

Sleep and EEGS Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep and how is different from a coma

A

Sleep :State of unconsciousness from which an individual can be aroused via stimuli of light, touch, perception.
Coma: state of unconsciousness from which an individual CANNOT be aroused through stimuli.

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2
Q

What is sleeping due to?

How has this been verified?

A

Occurs due an inhibitory process which occurs in the pons- impulses must be send through down the mid-line of the pons (damage to this area leads to sleep deprivation)

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3
Q

Which are the neurotrasmitters involved in controlling sleep activity?

A

Serotonin and melatonin

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4
Q

Which impulses control sleep activity?

A

Neurones which are fired from the reticular formation of the midbrain

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5
Q

Where are the impulses from the reticular formation sent to?

A
  • The hypothalamus
  • The thalamus
  • The cortex
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6
Q

What controls the circadian rhythm of electrical impulses

A

Hypothalamus and Superchiasmatic nuclei are also related to control of slee

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7
Q

What does circadian mean?

A

It defines a group of patterns in the body which change over 24 hours

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8
Q

What stimuli do the SCN respond to?

A
  • Time zone changes
  • Day/night
  • Work patterns
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9
Q

Where is the SCN located?

What does this implicate?

A

Located just above the optic chiasma so must receive info from the brain

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10
Q

How does the sleep cycle work?

A
  • Excitatory neurones are activated (from sleep centres in reticular formation) in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) of reticular formation
  • These excitatory neurones release impulses which stimulate excitatory pathways in the CNS and PNS
  • A positive feedback system allows these pathways to stay activated for a very long period of time
  • These cells slowly become fatigued
  • Peptides from the sleep centres oft reticular formation are released- dominate over excitatory pathways= lead to sleepiness
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11
Q

How do people who are blind dream?

A
  • If bind from birth have auditory dreams

- If they become blind- they will slowly lose their ability to dream in vision

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12
Q

How do dolphins and birds dream?

A

One side of the brain awake, one asleep.

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13
Q

What does EEG measure

A

ecords electrical patterns of the brain
Measures amplitude of waves (size of wave : from 0-200 microV)
Measures frequency of waves ( measures the number of waves in 1 second 0-50)

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14
Q

Different EEGs based on state of consciousness

A
  • Awake: high frequency, low amplitude

- Asleep: low frequency, high amplitude

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15
Q

4 types of wave seen on an EEG

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta Gamma

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16
Q

Alpha waves

A

High frequency, high amplitude
Wave synchronise with each so high amplitude
-Occur when alert but relaxes e.g. with eyes closed

17
Q

beta waves

A

High frequency, low amplitude
Low amplitude a result of more waves due to more stimuli
More waves- desynchronise (opposing polarities)
-Occur when very very alert

18
Q

Theta waves

A

Low frequency, various amplitude

-Occur in children, times of emotional stress, frustration and during sleep

19
Q

Delta waves

A

Low frequency, low amplitude

20
Q

Stages of sleep

A

5 stages
1-4
REM

21
Q

stage 1

A
  • Light sleep, easily aroused
  • Waves have long amplitude and low frequency
  • Low frequency Theta waves
  • NON-REM waves
  • Slow eye movements
22
Q

Stage 2

A
  • Eye movements stop
  • Even slower frequency waves
  • Small rapid bursts of waves = sleep spindles (12-14Hz)
23
Q

Stage 3

A
  • Very slow (2Hz)

- spindle activity decrease but where present waves are faster

24
Q

Stage 4

A

-Only delta waves

25
Q

REM sleeping

A
  • EEG is very similar to someone who is awake- known as paradoxical
  • 25% of sleep
  • When dreaming occurs
26
Q

Characters of deep sleep

A
  • very very deep for the first few hours
  • Decrease in vascular tone (BP), decrease in respiratory and metabolic rate
  • Most restful
  • Some dreams can occur but not as many as REM
27
Q

Characters of REM

A
  • Can last between 5-30 mins every 90 mins
  • Becomes more frequent as hours of sleep increase
  • Where most dreams occur
  • Rapid movements of eye- all other skeletal muscles are inhibited by signals sent from the pons to spinal cord (prevents acting out of dreams- absent In people who suffer from REM sleep behaviour disorder)
  • HR/ RR and metabolism increase- mimics waves of a person who is highly awake
  • Dependant on cholinergic patheways of reticular formation to hypothalamus/thalamus and cortex. REM sleep can be increased by use of anticholerestinases
28
Q

Importance of sleeping on physiology

A
  • Lower energy available (more being used by daily activites)
  • Clears waste products away from the CNS
  • Neuronal plasticity
  • Immune function
  • Cognitive function
29
Q

General importance of sleep

A 
-Experiments show similar sleep cycle in birds and mammals- die after being deprived of sleep for 2-3 weeks
When deprived:
-Cognitive function impaired 
-Irritable 
-Sluggish 
-impaired physical performance 
-Psychosis in extreme cases
30
Q

Sleep disorders

A
  • Insomnia
  • Nightmares
  • Night terrors
  • Sleep walking
  • Narcolepsy
31
Q

Insomnia
Definition
Types
Treatments

A

Defined as insufficient sleep to be able to maintain adequate daytime behaviours
Affects 33% of adults
Types:
-Primary/Chronic- idiopathic
-Secondary/ temporary- when related to pain

Treatment:
Barbituates: no longer used as chronic use showed they decrease amount of time spent in REM, stages 3 and 4, can increase amount of time it takes to fall asleep and can cause people to wake up numerous times during the night
Benzodiapenes: can cause addiction, though have less effect on REM sleep
Preferred method is to adjust sleep behavioural patterns

32
Q

Cause of narcolepsy

A

Insufficient Orexin being released

33
Q

What are night terrors

A

Very vivid visions in delta-sleep
Occur in 3-8 year olds
No recollection the next morning

34
Q

What are nightmares

A

very vivid in REM sleeping

Only way yo treat is by waking them up

35
Q

Somnabulism- in what stage does it occur?

A

Not in REM- in vert deep sleep

Neuro (20 decks)

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