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Psychology > Sleep and Dreams > Flashcards

Sleep and Dreams Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with restoration theory and what did they state

A

Oswald, he said sleep is essential for revitalising and restoring the physiological processes that keep the body and mind healthy and properly functioning after the days activities

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2
Q

List the studies that supported and opposed restoration theory

A

Support - zager, Shapiro, and the baby study

Oppose - Horne, Horne and Harley, Hobson

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3
Q

Describe Hornes study’s findings

A

Sleep deprivation did not interfere with participants ability to play sports or make them ill. sleep is not essential for physical functioning (short term)

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4
Q

Describe Hobson study’s findings

A

Sleep is entirely for the brain. Body restoration can be achieved by simply resting

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5
Q

Describe the baby study which supports restoration theory

A

Newborn babies have a high proportion of REM sleep. It makes up 50 to 60% of sleep time and it drops as they grow. This is a time of rapid brain growth and development so it’s logical that the baby has increased REM sleep

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6
Q

Describe Zagers study’s findings

A

Sleep deprived rats had a 20% decrease in white blood cell count, loss of body mass and eventually died

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7
Q

Describe Shapiro’s study’s findings

A

Ultramarathon runners sleep lasted on average 90minutes longer than usual over the next 2 nights. In particular non-REM sleep rose from 25% to 45% of total sleep

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8
Q

What is a zeitgeber

A

An environmental trigger that effects our circadian rhythm eg. Light

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9
Q

What is a schema

A

A set of ideas linked to a work or concept or situation

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10
Q

How long does it take for caffeine levels in your body to half

A

5 hours

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11
Q

What does activation synthesis theory state

A

That dreams occur due to a random firing of the pons. The brain makes random story’s to make sense of this stimuli which is our dreams

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12
Q

How is adenosine involved in sleep

A

It builds up throughout the day making us feel tired and then is broken down during sleep

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13
Q

How does stimulants like caffeine keep us awake

A

They block the adenosine receptors which make us feel tired

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14
Q

How does blue light from technology affect our sleep

A

It stops the release of melatonin ( the sleep hormone ) so avoid technology before bed

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15
Q

How does alcohol affect our sleep

A

It acts as a depressant so makes us feel more tired but it them acts as stimulant which reduces the quality of sleep by disrupting the ratio of REM To nREM

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16
Q

What is the role of the SCN (supracharismatic nucleus)

A

The SCN controls of circadian rhythm and receives light/dark information is connected to the optic nerve. It also tells the pineal gland when to release melatonin (darkness)

17
Q

What does the cognitive approach state

A

The role of Sleep and Dreams is memory consolidation and information processing. Sleep is a similar cognition to being awake ( its not its own special process)

18
Q

What does Menick’s study state

A

Napping is as good as sleeping for memory consolidation

19
Q

What does seehagen’s study state

A

When babies learn a new action those that have had a nap have better recall of the skill.

20
Q

What does Walker’s study state

A

He used a finger tapping task to find that sleep helps memories to be reliably encoded into the brain

21
Q

What does Stickgold state

A

Sleep is of benefit to every type of memory.

22
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses for cognitive approach

A

For - highly scientific as based on evidence
- explains why Dreams have a narrative - schemas

Against - limited explanation as it ignores the role of biology
Sleep can’t just be for restoration of cognition eg. Immune system strengthened from sleep
The approach is reductionist as it’s highly unlikely to be just cognitions that influence sleep and Dreams

23
Q

Who created re-organisational theory and what is their main phrase

A

Crick and Mitchison. We dream in order to forget

24
Q

What are the 2 types of memory according to reorganisational theory and what happens to them during sleep

A

Parasitic memories - wasteful/not needed memories - will be removed during sleep
Adaptive memories - useful memories - remain

25
Q

What does reorganisational theory state happens during dreaming

A

Useless memory’s accumulated throughout the day (parasitic memories) are pruned out to make space for other more useful memories (adaptive memories)

26
Q

What are the pros and cons of reorganisational theory

A

Pros - computer models support this theory
Dolphins have no REM & large brains so explains that pruning can allow smaller brain
Recognises importance of REM

Cons - sleep is beneficial to memory not harmful - stickgold
Not much human evidence
No insight into nREM
Don’t know why Dreams have a narrative

27
Q

Describe Horne and Harleys study’s findings

A

participants had their head warmed with a hairdryer and 4 out of 6 of them had a longer proportion of nREM

28
Q

What are some possible analysis marks for cognitive process

A

stickgold
Walker et al
Seehagen
Menick
Treatment of sleep disorders
Before completing a newly learned task ‘Sleep on it’
Psychoanalytic says Dreams have meaning
Peter Tripp = sleep deprived and had worse cognitive function
Agree with biological, newly formed connections between neutrons in the brain happen in REM SLEEP

29
Q

Possible analysis marks for biological processes

A

Sleep disorder treatment should be biochemical
Melatonin therapy for treatment of sleep disorders - jet lag
Agree with cognitive, newly formed connections between neutrons in the brain happen in REM SLEEP
Objective unlike psychoanalytic

30
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of biological processes

A

Strengths - children need to sleep more than adults - rapid growth of body

Weaknesses- limited as it ignores role of thinking
The approach is reductionist as it’s highly unlikely to be just biology that influences sleep and Dreams
Doesn’t explain why Dreams have a narrative

31
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalytic processes

A

Strengths - Dreams reflect things that cause us anxiety like Freud predicted
- recent study’s found that there is unconscious processes

Weaknesses - based on case studies so differ for people

  • low generalisability as restricted sample base so not representative sample
  • lack of study’s and measure subjectively
32
Q

Possible analysis marks for psychoanalytic processes

A

Treatment of sleep disorders should be uncovering unconscious processes
Holistic view in sleep + Dreams, as lots on why we dream
Used in therapy to uncover unconscious conflicts that is causing psychological distress

33
Q

Describe the psychoanalytic process

A 
Dreams are wish fulfilment 
The ID (unconscious mind) takes over from ego (conscious mind) during dreaming. 
Dreams have manifest content (actual dream) and latent content (true meaning).
3 processes hide latent content through symbols to avoid anxiety. 
Ego distorts reality through defence mechanisms to protect itself from embarrassment
34
Q

Describe the 3 processes that disguise lantent content in Dreams

A

Condensation - several ideas or symbols getting merged together
Secondary elaboration - dreamers own interpretations or adding things during explanation
Displacement - disguises emotions by confusing important and non-important parts

35
Q

Describe the six defence mechanisms used to protect the ego from itself

A

Repression - uncomfortable thoughts pushed down
Recreation acting like a child
Denial - distorts reality into making problems seem less bad
Displacement - can’t show emotion to the true target so shows them to another target (easier)
Projection - claim our feelings belong to someone else
reaction formation- behaviour is opposite to true feelings

Psychology (8 decks)

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