Sleep and Dreaming Flashcards

1
Q

How many stages of sleep are there and how long for?

A

5 stages

each cycle of sleep is 90 mins

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2
Q

What happens in stage 1 of sleep?

A
light sleep
can be easily woken
muscles are less active
eye movements slow
twitch suddenly
go through alpha and theta brainwaves
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3
Q

What happens in stage 2 of sleep

A
brainwaves are slower
eye movement stops
bursts of brain activity
body temperature drops
heart rate slows
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4
Q

What happens in stage 3 of sleep

A

deep sleep
slow delta waves
also some fast waves
this stage is in between light and deep

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5
Q

What happens in stage 4 of sleep?

A
deep sleep
all waves are slow delta waves
hard to wake you
no eye movement
can feel disorientated
can experience night terrors or sleepwalking
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6
Q

What happens in REM sleep/what is it?

A
20% of sleep is REM
for infants 50% is REM
REM = rapid eye movement
eyelids flicker quickly
dreaming occurs
sensory blockade
neurons are shot off = movement inhibition
rapid, shallow and irregular breathing
eyes jerking
muscles paralysed
heart rate
blood pressure rises
stimulates increase of proteins
some people report dreaming in NREM sleep, not always accurate
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7
Q

How long people need sleep for

A

adults = 7 or 8 hrs
teenagers = 9 hrs
age 65< = sleep stops, very sleep deprived so can’t perform functions well

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8
Q

What are circadian rhythms

A

human bodily rhythms

sleep-wake cycle

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9
Q

What are ultradian rhythms

A

rhythms that occur in <24 hrs

just sleep

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10
Q

Factors affecting the sleep-wake cycle

A

Jet lag = sleep-wake is triggered by light and time cues, different can cause irritability and poor concentration and tiredness
Shift work = different time cues affect biological rhythms

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11
Q

Internal influences on sleep

A

Hormones = sleep resets hormones
= can affect sleep because of stress, under stress ACTH releases cortisol, causing alertness -> hard to fall asleep
= people with insomnia produce too much cortisol/at wrong time
= melatonin signals need for sleep
= triggered by darkness
= synchronises circadian rhythms
=affects time of sleep

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12
Q

External influences on sleep

A

exogenous, environmental features: light, time cues, stress, eat and drink, medication
zeitgebers:
- regulate body’s circadian rhythm
- 12 month cycle
- mood and performance
- jet lag, shift work, light
- light lets internal body clock know whether its day or night = when to sleep
- body clock reset over 24 hr period
- entrainment =bodily rhythms matches to their environmental triggers -> light you are awake

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13
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of internal influences

A

+ hamster study = removed SCN from hamsters and sleep-wake patterns became random
+ human study of blind man = found his bodily rhythms are closer to 24hrs, circadian rhythms are governed by internal influences
+ Li-You Chen et al (2015) = melatonin controls sleep found in rats, sleep deprivation reduces melatonin levels -> melatonin reduces sleep
- animal studies cannot be generalised
- individual differences to being blind, hard to generalise to people who aren’t blind and without that specific blindness

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14
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of external influences

A

+ practical applications for understanding body clocks in humans = zeitgebers
+ Ralph and Skene agree that light synchronises bodily rhythms
- Siffre found the sleep-wake cycle could be 48 hours, studies differ
- situation of sleep-deprivation studies are not natural, lack validity

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15
Q

Name some sleep disorders of depression

A

Insomnia

Narcolepsy

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16
Q

Symptoms of insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep
waking up a lot during the night
frequently lying awake during night
not feeling refreshed on waking
finding it hard to sleep in day when tired
feelings irritable and unable to conentrate

17
Q

How can insomnia be caused?

A

Lifestyles = jet lag or working shifts
Health conditions = mental-> depression physical -> heart problems
Medication, food and drink = neurotransmitters and hormones, caffeine and diet pills, smoking cigarettes, alcohol keeps people in the light, antidepressants can stop REM sleep

18
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

person has no control over their sleep-wake cycle
fall asleep suddenly
1/2000 people

19
Q

Symptoms of narcolepsy

A

EDS (excessive daytime sleepiness) = feel extreme sleepiness, fall into an uncontrollable daytime sleep anytime
Hallucinations
Cataplexy = loss of muscle power, 70% of people with narcolepsy
Sleep paralysis = abnormal REM sleep

20
Q

Explaining narcolepsy

A

Brain chemicals = hypocretin -> keeps us awake
=cells in hypothalamus produce hypocretin that damaged or missing, so cannot control when awake
Genes = 10% of people with narcolepsy have other family members with disorder
Stress or trauma = Barker made link between then
Evolution = might be advantageous for animal to stay still to stay alive -> survival characteristic

20
Q

Explaining narcolepsy

A

Brain chemicals = hypocretin -> keeps us awake
=cells in hypothalamus produce hypocretin that damaged or missing, so cannot control when awake
Genes = 10% of people with narcolepsy have other family members with disorder
Stress or trauma = Barker made link between then
Evolution = might be advantageous for animal to stay still to stay alive -> survival characteristic

21
Q

What is the id, superego and ego

A
id = "I want"
superego = "you cannot have"
ego = balance inbetween
22
Q

What is manifest and latent content?

A

Manifest content = story of the dream

Latent content = meaning of dream, uncovers unconscious thinking

23
Q

Dreamwork

A

The way the mind keeps unconscious thoughts hidden to protect mind = disguises by repressing thoughts and ideas
Condensation = many ideas appear as one idea in a dream
Displacement = something unimportant seems to be important, shifts attention away from important thing
Secondary elaboration = ideas from dreamwork to build a whole story

24
Strengths and weaknesses of Freud's theory of dreaming
+qualitative, detailed and focused on real individuals +had validity +he saw power of the unconscious which cannot be easily studied +Guenole et al found that more people reported more dreaming if they heard noise, noise did not wake them because dreaming kept them asleep = sensory blockade -cannot be easily tested -the unconscious or dreamwork cannot be measured objectively = unscientific -each analysis was unique to individual
25
Hobson and McCarley vs Freud's theory
Freud = dreams have meanings | Hobson and McCarley = dreams are random
26
Activation synthesis
Hobson and McCarley = random thoughts are what we dream | Neurons randomly firing send thoughts makes brain generate "nonsense"
27
Strengths and weaknesses of activation synthesis
+people observed in sleep lab +study is still being used +other studies supported, cat used to see which areas of brain light up -unethical to use animals -animal studies cannot be generalised to human functioning -1977 theory (too long ago)
28
Freud's aim
look at how children develop | how Oedipus complex and psychosexual develops
29
Procedure of Freud's
gathered lots of detailed information directly from boys parents and some from Hans looked at Hans's phobia of horses Hans was afraid to go out of house Freud analysed what little Hans's reported to find out Hans's unconscious that was causing the phobia
30
Hans's phobia of horses
he see a horse fall down and die in the street he is mainly scared of horses with black bits around mouth black bits = Hans's father's moustache Hans feared his father because his father would be angry with Hans for wanting his mother - Oedipus complex
31
An early dream
had a dream that he thought his mother was gone and he had no mummy anxiety his mother would leave - Oedipus complex fear his father would take mother away
32
The giraffe dream
had dream that there was a big giraffe in the room and a crumpled one big giraffe = penis Hans denied this so, big giraffe = Hans's father and crumpled = mother Little Hans wanted to take his mother away from father
33
Strengths and Weaknesses if Freud's study
+Freud gathered a lot of in-depth and detailed information +Little Hans was very carefully documented +clear what information was given to him and what was Freud's interpretation -Freud's parents knew about Freud's theory so could have only passed on information that suited complex -bias -not generalisable = one person -learning explanation = Hans saw horse die
34
Siffre aim
wanted to see how astronauts would be affected in space not having zeitgebers to set biological clock wanted to see his "natural" sleep-wake cycle when deprived of external cues
35
Siffre's procedure
Texas went >6 months without seeing daylight has tent on wooden platform with bed, table and a chair ate frozen food and drank water undertook experiments while in cave removed all zeitgebers when Siffre woke up, he phoned team of researchers did memory and physical tasks e.g. target practice did exercise - riding bike kept diary of his thoughts when he felt tired he slept and researchers turned off lights
36
Siffre's results
became depressed and upset at lack of freedom wanted to trap mouse - loneliness thought about suicide effects of dark and loneliness were severe worse eyesight and psychological problems short-term memory was affected sleep-wake cycler was >24 hrs varied from 18-52 hrs
37
Siffre's conclusions
lot of variation in sleep-wake cycle when cues to daylight and time were missing astronauts would need companionship
38
Strengths and weaknesses of Siffre
+qualitative and quantitative data +done over long period of time -lights came on when Siffre woke up and went off when asleep, could have affected internal body clock -not being generalisable, one case study -has external zeitgebers = noise of mice, damp, telephone connections to research team and other issues