Paper 2 Flashcards
Circadian rhythms
Sleep-wake cycle
Exogenous cycle
Ultradian rhythms
Just sleep
Endogenous cycle
Internal influences
Hormones = adrenaline, ACTH releases cortisol, pineal gland releases melatonin
External influences
Light, time, environment (stress, eat, drink, medication)
Zeitgebers
Zeitgebers = external cues that synchronise the biological clock
Strengths and weaknesses of internal influences:
+SCN removed from hamsters = sleep-wake patterns random
+Miles, blind man = 25hr circadian rhythms
+Li-You Chen = sleep deprived rats, reduced melatonin
-animal studies
-individual differences to being blind
Strengths and weaknesses of external influences:
+practical applications for understanding body clocks in humans
+Skene found light is main bodily rhythm
-Siffre found 48hrs sleep-wake
-Sleep deprivation studies are unnatural
Insomnia
Caused by lifestyle (jet lag, working shifts), medication (antidepressants), food and drink, health conditions
Narcolepsy
1/2000
Cataplexy, hallucinations, fall asleep uncontrollable, EDS, sleep paralysis
Hypocretin keeps us awake, cells in hypothalamus produce hypocretin are damaged or missing
Id, supergo, ego
id = i want Superego = you can’t have Ego = balance
Manifest content
Story
Latent content
Meaning of dream
Dreamwork
Keeps unconscious thoughts hidden
Condensation
Many ideas appear as one
Displacement
Something unimportant seems important
Secondary elaboration
Builds story from dreamwork
Strengths and weaknesses of Freud’s theory of dreaming
\+qualitative \+detailed focuses on real individuals \+validity \+Guenole found noise did not wake up people when dreaming -cannot be a silly tested -analysis unique to individuals
Hobson and McCarley
Dreams are random
Random firing of neutrons -> send random thought -> brain generates nonsense
Strengths and weaknesses of Hobson and McCarley
+sleep lab
- using animals unethical
- using animals not generalisable
- people can link dreams to the day before
- 1977
Freud Little Hans background
Oedipus complex, development of psychosexual stages and gender behaviour
Little Hans an early dream
Had dream his mum was taken away from his father
Little Hans the giraffe dream
Big giraffe symbolised penis but Hans denied this so Freud said big giraffe was Hans’s father and crumpled was mother
Strengths and weaknesses of Hans
\+carefully documented \+lot of in depth detailed information \+clear what info was given and interpreted \+carried out case study scientifically -not generalisable (one person) -learning explanation (saw horse die) -dreams are secondary information
Siffre results
Depressed and upset at lack of freedom, trapped mouse for loneliness
Suicide
Effects of dark and loneliness were severe
Worse eyesight
Short term memory affected
Varied 18->52hrs
Strengths and weaknesses of Siffre
+qualitative and quantitative
+long period of time
-light came on which affected internal body clock
-ungeneralisable
-criticised because of noise of mice, damp, telephone connections
Positive reinforcement
Recieve something pleasant for behaviour so repeat it
Negative reinforcement
Avoiding something unpleasant so we keep avoiding it
Negative punishment
Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat behaviour
What does social learning theory states is required
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, identification,
Strengths and weaknesses of social learning theory
+Bandura = aggression is copied
+main way children learn behaviour
+explains why some become criminals and some dont
-Bandura only measures short-term effect
-Bandura was not tested in real-life situation
-some behaviour can’t be explained by observational learning
Esyneck’s Theory
High E score = low arousal = seek external stimulation -> raise arousal
Low N score = unreactive nervous system, calm under stress
High P score = psychoticism
