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Psychology > Paper 2 > Flashcards

Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Sleep-wake cycle

Exogenous cycle

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2
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

Just sleep

Endogenous cycle

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3
Q

Internal influences

A

Hormones = adrenaline, ACTH releases cortisol, pineal gland releases melatonin

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4
Q

External influences

A

Light, time, environment (stress, eat, drink, medication)

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5
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Zeitgebers = external cues that synchronise the biological clock

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6
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of internal influences:

A

+SCN removed from hamsters = sleep-wake patterns random
+Miles, blind man = 25hr circadian rhythms
+Li-You Chen = sleep deprived rats, reduced melatonin
-animal studies
-individual differences to being blind

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7
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of external influences:

A

+practical applications for understanding body clocks in humans
+Skene found light is main bodily rhythm
-Siffre found 48hrs sleep-wake
-Sleep deprivation studies are unnatural

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8
Q

Insomnia

A

Caused by lifestyle (jet lag, working shifts), medication (antidepressants), food and drink, health conditions

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9
Q

Narcolepsy

A

1/2000
Cataplexy, hallucinations, fall asleep uncontrollable, EDS, sleep paralysis
Hypocretin keeps us awake, cells in hypothalamus produce hypocretin are damaged or missing

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10
Q

Id, supergo, ego

A 
id = i want
Superego = you can’t have
Ego = balance
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11
Q

Manifest content

A

Story

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12
Q

Latent content

A

Meaning of dream

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13
Q

Dreamwork

A

Keeps unconscious thoughts hidden

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14
Q

Condensation

A

Many ideas appear as one

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15
Q

Displacement

A

Something unimportant seems important

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16
Q

Secondary elaboration

A

Builds story from dreamwork

17
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Freud’s theory of dreaming

A 
\+qualitative
\+detailed focuses on real individuals
\+validity
\+Guenole found noise did not wake up people when dreaming
-cannot be a silly tested
-analysis unique to individuals
18
Q

Hobson and McCarley

A

Dreams are random

Random firing of neutrons -> send random thought -> brain generates nonsense

19
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Hobson and McCarley

A

+sleep lab

  • using animals unethical
  • using animals not generalisable
  • people can link dreams to the day before
  • 1977
20
Q

Freud Little Hans background

A

Oedipus complex, development of psychosexual stages and gender behaviour

21
Q

Little Hans an early dream

A

Had dream his mum was taken away from his father

22
Q

Little Hans the giraffe dream

A

Big giraffe symbolised penis but Hans denied this so Freud said big giraffe was Hans’s father and crumpled was mother

23
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Hans

A 
\+carefully documented
\+lot of in depth detailed information
\+clear what info was given and interpreted
\+carried out case study scientifically
-not generalisable (one person)
-learning explanation (saw horse die)
-dreams are secondary information
24
Q

Siffre results

A

Depressed and upset at lack of freedom, trapped mouse for loneliness
Suicide
Effects of dark and loneliness were severe
Worse eyesight
Short term memory affected
Varied 18->52hrs

25
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Siffre

A

+qualitative and quantitative
+long period of time
-light came on which affected internal body clock
-ungeneralisable
-criticised because of noise of mice, damp, telephone connections

26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Recieve something pleasant for behaviour so repeat it

27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Avoiding something unpleasant so we keep avoiding it

28
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat behaviour

29
Q

What does social learning theory states is required

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, identification,

30
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of social learning theory

A

+Bandura = aggression is copied
+main way children learn behaviour
+explains why some become criminals and some dont
-Bandura only measures short-term effect
-Bandura was not tested in real-life situation
-some behaviour can’t be explained by observational learning

31
Q

Esyneck’s Theory

A

High E score = low arousal = seek external stimulation -> raise arousal
Low N score = unreactive nervous system, calm under stress
High P score = psychoticism

Psychology (8 decks)

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