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PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary measurements in sleep

A

Brain, eyes, muscles

  • EEG
  • EOG
  • ENG
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2
Q

What is the frequency range in stage 4 sleep

A

0.5Hz - 2Hz

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3
Q

Does EMG activity fall during REM sleep

A

Yes

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4
Q

How long is a typical cycle of sleep

A

90 minutes

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5
Q

What stage of sleep is related to the hoemostatic process

A

Slow-wave sleep

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6
Q

What brain region do you need to cut to induce a persistent sleep state

A

Top of the brain steam

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7
Q

What was Bremer’s argument for sleep

A

The wake state depends on sensory input and sleep is the absence of that input

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8
Q

What does a lesion to the posterior hypothalamus result in

A

Excessive sleepiness

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9
Q

What does a lesion to the anterior hypothalamus result in

A

Insomnia

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10
Q

What region promotes activity in the cortex level

A

The thalamocortical loop - feedback from thalamus to cortex and back again

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11
Q

During wake, is there a regular pattern on the EEG in the thalamocortical loop

A

yes

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12
Q

During sleep, is there a regular pattern on the EEG in the thalamocortical loop

A

no

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13
Q

What frequency is stage 1 sleep activity

A

4-8Hz

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14
Q

What frequency is stage 2 sleep activity

A

4-8Hz

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15
Q

What frequency is stage 3 sleep activity

A

2-4Hz

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16
Q

What frequency is REM sleep activity

A

> 12 Hz

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17
Q

Is REM sleep frequency the same as wake state

A

Yes

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18
Q

Was an early theory of sleep that a sensory input to the brain maintained an alert state

A

Yes

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19
Q

Transectioning ebtween the cerebrum and brain steam causes what

A

EEG slowing

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20
Q

Transectioning between the cervical spinal cord causes what

A

Isolated forebrain is active and alert

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21
Q

What region is critical for cortical activation and maintaining wake

A

Reticular formation

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22
Q

What is the ascending activation system

A

Thalamocortical loop

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23
Q

What are the cholinergic inputs

A

Pedunculopontine (PPT)

Laterodorsal tegemntal nuclei (LDT)

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24
Q

What are the monoaminergic inputs

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Histamine
  • Dopamine
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25
Q

What is the main source of norepinephrine

A

Locus coeruleus

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26
Q

Is locus coeruleus activity high during wake

A

Yes

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27
Q

Is locus coeruleus activity high during non-REM sleep

A

No

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28
Q

Is locus coeruleus activity on during REM sleep

A

No

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29
Q

Is decreased activity in the locus coeruleus linked to slow-wave activity

A

Yes

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30
Q

Is locus coeruleus activity linked to wakefulness

A

Yes

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31
Q

What is the origin of serotonergic neurons

A

Raphe nuclei

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32
Q

Are serotonergic neurons similar to norepinephrine neurons

A

Yes

33
Q

Is REM sleep decreased in people taking antidepressants (SSRIs)

A

Yes

34
Q

What is the origin of histamine

A

Tuberomamillary nuclei of posterior hypothalamus

35
Q

What happens when you block histamine receptors

A

Sleepyness

36
Q

Does histamine promote wake

A

Yes

37
Q

Dopmaine is related to arousal in what regions

A
  • substantia nigra

- ventral tegmental area

38
Q

Which type of dopamine receptor is related to arousal

A

D1

39
Q

Which type of dopamine receptor is biphasic

A

D2

40
Q

What does a low dose of dopamine in D2 result in

A

Increased wake

41
Q

What does a high dose of dopamine in D2 result in

A

Decreased wake

42
Q

What is the orexin-hypocretin pathway

A

Part of an input into the arousal system

43
Q

What does a lack of orexin lead to

A

Narcolepsy

44
Q

What does too much orexin lead to

A

Insomnia

45
Q

What is the main role of the orexin-hypocretin pathway

A

To stabilize wake

46
Q

Of the chloinergin, monoaminergic and oxerin systems which one is the most influential

A

Orexin

47
Q

What quietens the thalamocortical loop

A

(VLPO) Verntrolateral pre-optic area in the anterior hypothalamus

48
Q

What inhibitory neurotransmitters are related to the VLPO

A

GABA and galanin

49
Q

Does the VLPO project to monoaminergic arousal centres

A

Yes

50
Q

What does a lesion to the VLPO result in

A

Less non-REM sleep

51
Q

Do the VLPO and Monoaminergic regions try to inhibit each other

A

Yes

52
Q

What is the controlling pathway in the VLPO vs Monoaminergic dynamic

A

Orexin

53
Q

Does the VLPO send inhibitory signals to the orexin and arousal centres

A

Yes

54
Q

In sleep, does the VLPO inhibit orexin

A

Yes

55
Q

In sleep, does the VLPO inhibit the monoaminergic system

A

Yes - switches off wake

56
Q

What processes modulate sleep and wake

A

Homeostasis and circadian rhythm

57
Q

What is the homeostatic system

A

A system that builds sleep pressure during wake and dissipates during sleep

58
Q

What is the circadian system

A

A system of ~24hr rhythm that regulates timing, quality and depth of sleep.

59
Q

What is the wake maintenance zone

A

Part of the circadian system that maintains aroused state against pressure of homeostatic system

60
Q

Will you have more slow-wave sleep at night if you are awake longer during the day

A

Yes

61
Q

Is slow-wave sleep a marker for homeostasis

A

Yes

62
Q

Is theta activity a marker of the build-up of homeostatic sleep pressure

A

Yes

63
Q

Is adenosine a marker for build-up of homeostatic sleep pressure

A

Yes

64
Q

What is adenosine

A

By-product of metabolism

65
Q

What receptor does caffinee block

A

Adenosine

66
Q

Are we all fixed to a 24 hr circadian rhythm

A

No

67
Q

What happens to your circadian rhythm when you are placed in a dark room with no cues

A

You go into free-run

68
Q

What is the master clock of the brain

A

The suprachiasmatic nuclei

69
Q

What is the primary entrainment pahtway

A

Light -> eye -> retinohypothalamic tract -> hypothalamus -> suprachiasmatic nuclei

70
Q

If you remove rods and cones, does circadian entrainment sitll exist

A

Yes

71
Q

What is the primary mechanism in circadian entrainment

A

IPRGC: intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

72
Q

What happens if you destroy the suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

YOu destory all biological rhythms

73
Q

How is melatonin produced

A

Produced by the pineal gland from info projected from the suprachiasmatic nuclei

74
Q

How is melatonin measured

A

Through saliva or plasma

75
Q

Besides melatonin what is another measure of circadian rhythm

A

Body temperature

76
Q

What is a forced de-synchronicity protocol

A

Force entrainment to a day either very short or long of the 24hrs. This causes free running

77
Q

Does a forced de-synchronicity change the homeostatic or circadian system

A

Circadian. Homeostatic remains constant

78
Q

What is the blood-acholol analogue to shift work

A

0.05-0.

PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour (8 decks)

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