Cognitive Control and Social Cognition Flashcards
What is cognitive control
The ability to flexibly adapt behaviour to meet a goal
What is social cognition
The cognition we apply to make sense of social situations
Is associative memory affected by frontal lobe damage
Relatively unaffected
Is recognition memory affected by frontal lobe damage
Relative unaffected
Is working memory affected by frontal lobe damage
Yes
Is recency memory affected by frontal lobe damage
Yes
Is source memory affected by frontal lobe damage
Yes
What is source memory?
The context in which memories are formed
What brain region is activated during working memory tasks?
Lateral prefrontal cortex
What brain regions are activated during working memory via the phonological loop?
- Prefrontal cortex
- Left secondary auditory cortex
- Left inferior parietal lobe
What hemisphere is most involved with working memory via the phonological loop?
Left
What hemisphere is involved with working memory via the visuo-spatial sketchpad
Bilateral regions are activated
What brain regions are involved with working memory via the visuo-spatial sketchpad
Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and others
What is the marginal value theorem
animals exploit a particular environment until the intake rate falls below the average intake for the overall environment
In decision making, what does dopamergic activity represent
The difference between the obtained reward and the expected reward
What is the reward prediction error
The difference between the obtained reward and the expected reward
What type of neurons provide a signal of reward expectancy to dopamine neuorns?
GABA
In goal-oriented behaviour, what brain region is related to understanding the goal task
Lateral prefrontal cortex
In goal-oriented behaviour, what brain region is related to monitoring the goal task
Medial prefrontal cortex
In goal-oriented behaviour, lesions to what region cause lower inhibitory control
Prefrontal cortex
What is the trade-off in PFC efficiency in task-relevant information
Novel thinking
How does a task goal modulate perceptual processing?
Task-relevant information is amplified or task-irrelevant information is inhibited
What brain regions are involved in inhibition of action
- Right inferior frontal gyrus
- Subthalamic nucleus
What brain regions are engaged when a task becomes more difficult?
The medial frontal cortex (particularly the anterior cingulate cortex)
What is the attentional hierarchy hypothesis
The medial front cortex plays a critical role in coordinating activity across attention systems
What is the error detection hypothesis
The medial frontal cortex provides a response correlated with tasks error, or more specifically, unexpected feedback
What is the response conflict hypothesis
When the monitoring system detects a conflict, there is increased activity in the anterior cingulate to modulate activity in other areas
What are the four main areas of the prefrontal cortex involved in cognitive control
- Lateral prefrontal cortex
- Frontal pole
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Medial frontal cortex
What is perservation
Persisting in a response after being told it is wrong
What beahviour replaces goal-oriented behaviour in patients with frontal lesions
Stimulus driven behav iour
What is utilization behaviour
Extreme dependency on prototypical response for guiding behaviour
What mental health disorders are correlated with deficits in cognitive control
OCD, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, ASPD and psychopath
What real-world factors contribute to deficits in cognitive control
Stress, loneliness and poor health
What are three types of cells involved in working memory
what, where and what-where
What brain region is involved with representation of a task goal
Lateral prefrontal cortex
What brain region sustain relevant information for a goal across a delay period
Interior temporal cortex
What does the ventral-dorsal gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to
Maintenance and manipulation
What does the anterior-posterior gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to
Abstraction (anterior is more abstract)
What does the lateral-medial gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to
Environment (lateral) vs personal history/emotion (medial)
What is a primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that is of direct benefit to survival
What is a secondary reinforcer
A reinforcer that has no intrinsic value (e.g. money), but is associated with other reinfocers
Is IQ affected by frontal lesions?
Relatively unaffected
What areas of the prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition
Lateral and medial
What areas of the lateral prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
What areas of the medial prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition
Orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex
What are the self-referential processing regions
- dlPFC
- vmPFC
- posterior cingulate cortex
- medial and lateral parietal cortex
Acquired lesions in what area are associated with changes in social function
Orbitofrontal cortex
Deficits in theory of mind are associated with what disorders
Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Deficits in cognitive control and lack of empathy are associated with what disorders
Antisocial personality disorder
What brain region is associated with self-referential processing
Medial prefrontal cortex
What regions make up the default network
Medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, TPJ, medial temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule
What region is important for differentiating positive and negative information about the self
Anterior cingulate cortex
What region is associated with embarrassment on review of social interactions
Orbitofrontal cortex
What region is associated with the ability to simulate future events from the first-person perspective
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
What structure is crucial for mediating the feeling of spatial unity of self and body (embodiment)
TPJ
What is mental state attribution
We are folk psychologists
What is experience sharing theory
We simulate others and infer from that
What regions are associated in distinguishing between the self and others
Right anterior insula and mid-anterior cingulate cortex
What region is associated with observing people related to us
Medial prefrontal cortex
What regions are associated with making inferences about others mental states
Medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, temporal poles
What region is associated with impression formation
Medial prefrontal cortex
What region is associated with social background or life event
Right temporoparietal junction
What region is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states
Superior temporal sulcus
What region is activated in rational decision making
Orbitofrontal cortex
What region is associated with emotional decision making
Amygdala
What region is associated with impersonal moral decisions
Right lateral prefronal cortex and bilateral parietal lobes
What region is associated with personal moral decisions
Medial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala
What is the difference in the default network between people with ASD and controls
No change in mPFC when switching
What region helps identify which social rules are appropriate
Orbitofrontal cortex
Lesions to what region disrupt ability to learn from negative feedback
Ventromedial frontal Lobe
What region is deactivated by negative words
Medial PFC
