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PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour > Cognitive Control and Social Cognition > Flashcards

Cognitive Control and Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive control

A

The ability to flexibly adapt behaviour to meet a goal

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2
Q

What is social cognition

A

The cognition we apply to make sense of social situations

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3
Q

Is associative memory affected by frontal lobe damage

A

Relatively unaffected

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4
Q

Is recognition memory affected by frontal lobe damage

A

Relative unaffected

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5
Q

Is working memory affected by frontal lobe damage

A

Yes

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6
Q

Is recency memory affected by frontal lobe damage

A

Yes

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7
Q

Is source memory affected by frontal lobe damage

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is source memory?

A

The context in which memories are formed

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9
Q

What brain region is activated during working memory tasks?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

What brain regions are activated during working memory via the phonological loop?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Left secondary auditory cortex
  • Left inferior parietal lobe
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11
Q

What hemisphere is most involved with working memory via the phonological loop?

A

Left

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12
Q

What hemisphere is involved with working memory via the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

Bilateral regions are activated

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13
Q

What brain regions are involved with working memory via the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and others

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14
Q

What is the marginal value theorem

A

animals exploit a particular environment until the intake rate falls below the average intake for the overall environment

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15
Q

In decision making, what does dopamergic activity represent

A

The difference between the obtained reward and the expected reward

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16
Q

What is the reward prediction error

A

The difference between the obtained reward and the expected reward

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17
Q

What type of neurons provide a signal of reward expectancy to dopamine neuorns?

A

GABA

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18
Q

In goal-oriented behaviour, what brain region is related to understanding the goal task

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

In goal-oriented behaviour, what brain region is related to monitoring the goal task

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

In goal-oriented behaviour, lesions to what region cause lower inhibitory control

A

Prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

What is the trade-off in PFC efficiency in task-relevant information

A

Novel thinking

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22
Q

How does a task goal modulate perceptual processing?

A

Task-relevant information is amplified or task-irrelevant information is inhibited

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23
Q

What brain regions are involved in inhibition of action

A
  • Right inferior frontal gyrus

- Subthalamic nucleus

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24
Q

What brain regions are engaged when a task becomes more difficult?

A

The medial frontal cortex (particularly the anterior cingulate cortex)

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25
Q

What is the attentional hierarchy hypothesis

A

The medial front cortex plays a critical role in coordinating activity across attention systems

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26
Q

What is the error detection hypothesis

A

The medial frontal cortex provides a response correlated with tasks error, or more specifically, unexpected feedback

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27
Q

What is the response conflict hypothesis

A

When the monitoring system detects a conflict, there is increased activity in the anterior cingulate to modulate activity in other areas

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28
Q

What are the four main areas of the prefrontal cortex involved in cognitive control

A
  • Lateral prefrontal cortex
  • Frontal pole
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Medial frontal cortex
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29
Q

What is perservation

A

Persisting in a response after being told it is wrong

30
Q

What beahviour replaces goal-oriented behaviour in patients with frontal lesions

A

Stimulus driven behav iour

31
Q

What is utilization behaviour

A

Extreme dependency on prototypical response for guiding behaviour

32
Q

What mental health disorders are correlated with deficits in cognitive control

A

OCD, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, ASPD and psychopath

33
Q

What real-world factors contribute to deficits in cognitive control

A

Stress, loneliness and poor health

34
Q

What are three types of cells involved in working memory

A

what, where and what-where

35
Q

What brain region is involved with representation of a task goal

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

36
Q

What brain region sustain relevant information for a goal across a delay period

A

Interior temporal cortex

37
Q

What does the ventral-dorsal gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to

A

Maintenance and manipulation

38
Q

What does the anterior-posterior gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to

A

Abstraction (anterior is more abstract)

39
Q

What does the lateral-medial gradient of the prefrontal cortex relate to

A

Environment (lateral) vs personal history/emotion (medial)

40
Q

What is a primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that is of direct benefit to survival

41
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that has no intrinsic value (e.g. money), but is associated with other reinfocers

42
Q

Is IQ affected by frontal lesions?

A

Relatively unaffected

43
Q

What areas of the prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition

A

Lateral and medial

44
Q

What areas of the lateral prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

45
Q

What areas of the medial prefrontal cortex are relevant to social cognition

A

Orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex

46
Q

What are the self-referential processing regions

A
  • dlPFC
  • vmPFC
  • posterior cingulate cortex
  • medial and lateral parietal cortex
47
Q

Acquired lesions in what area are associated with changes in social function

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

48
Q

Deficits in theory of mind are associated with what disorders

A

Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder

49
Q

Deficits in cognitive control and lack of empathy are associated with what disorders

A

Antisocial personality disorder

50
Q

What brain region is associated with self-referential processing

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

51
Q

What regions make up the default network

A

Medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, TPJ, medial temporal lobe and inferior parietal lobule

52
Q

What region is important for differentiating positive and negative information about the self

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

53
Q

What region is associated with embarrassment on review of social interactions

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

54
Q

What region is associated with the ability to simulate future events from the first-person perspective

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

55
Q

What structure is crucial for mediating the feeling of spatial unity of self and body (embodiment)

A

TPJ

56
Q

What is mental state attribution

A

We are folk psychologists

57
Q

What is experience sharing theory

A

We simulate others and infer from that

58
Q

What regions are associated in distinguishing between the self and others

A

Right anterior insula and mid-anterior cingulate cortex

59
Q

What region is associated with observing people related to us

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

60
Q

What regions are associated with making inferences about others mental states

A

Medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, temporal poles

61
Q

What region is associated with impression formation

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

62
Q

What region is associated with social background or life event

A

Right temporoparietal junction

63
Q

What region is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states

A

Superior temporal sulcus

64
Q

What region is activated in rational decision making

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

65
Q

What region is associated with emotional decision making

A

Amygdala

66
Q

What region is associated with impersonal moral decisions

A

Right lateral prefronal cortex and bilateral parietal lobes

67
Q

What region is associated with personal moral decisions

A

Medial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala

68
Q

What is the difference in the default network between people with ASD and controls

A

No change in mPFC when switching

69
Q

What region helps identify which social rules are appropriate

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

70
Q

Lesions to what region disrupt ability to learn from negative feedback

A

Ventromedial frontal Lobe

71
Q

What region is deactivated by negative words

A

Medial PFC

PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour (8 decks)

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