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Psych 211 (neuro) > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

How is sleep research conducted?

A
  • in a sleep laboratory
  • EEG
  • EMG
  • EOG
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2
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A
  • EEG
  • measure brain activity by attaching electrodes to the scalp to record
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3
Q

What is an electromyogram?

A
  • EMG
  • measure muscle activity by attaching electrodes to the chin to record
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4
Q

What is an electro-oculogram?

A
  • EOG
  • electrodes are places near the eyes to measure eye movements
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5
Q

What are the types of EEG signals during sleep?

A
  • beta activity
  • alpha activity
  • theta activity
  • delta activity
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6
Q

What is beta activity?

A
  • 13-30 Hz
  • typical of an aroused state
  • reflects desynchronous neural activity (high frequency, low amplitude oscillations)
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7
Q

What is alpha activity?

A
  • 8-13 Hz
  • typical of awake person in a state of relaxation
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8
Q

What is theta activity?

A
  • 4-8 Hz
  • appears intermittently when people are drowsy
  • prominent during early stages of sleep
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9
Q

What is delta activity?

A
  • < 4 Hz
  • occurs during deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
  • reflects synchronized low frequency, large amplitude brain activity
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10
Q

What is rapid eye movement sleep?

A
  • REM sleep
  • associated with desynchronized EEG activity (beta)
  • rapid eye movements
  • dreaming
  • muscle paralysis: muscles are totally inactive apart from occasional twitches
  • cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption increase
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11
Q

What is slow-wave sleep?

A
  • stage 3/4 non-REM sleep (deep sleep)
  • corresponds to large amplitude, low frequency oscillations of brain activity
  • this pattern of neural activity reflects synchronized bursts of action potentials in large collections of neurons
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12
Q

What are the REM deprivation studies?

A
  • animals can sleep sitting or standing up, but muscles go limp during REM sleep
  • animals fall off the pedestal and into the water, waking them up
  • only getting little non-REM sleep
  • floor moves when sleep
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13
Q

What happens to the animal in the REM deprivation studies?

A
  • 2-3 weeks of sleep deprivation: lose control of their metabolic processes and body temperature
  • soon they lose wright and die
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14
Q

What does lack of sleep cause?

A
  • death
  • sleep is critical for survival
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15
Q

What happens if you don’t sleep?

A
  • feel tired
  • mind deteriorates, body is physically fine
  • delayed reaction times
  • poor judgment
  • increases in stress hormones, mood swings, and impulsive behavior
  • worse learning and memory
  • increase propensity for weight gain, migraines, hallucinations, dementia, seizures, and death
  • sleep debt must be repaid
  • microsleep states
  • sleep disruptions often precede and exacerbate mental illnesses
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16
Q

What are microsleep states?

A
  • fall asleep for brief episode lasting several seconds
  • perceptually blind
  • unaware they have fallen asleep
  • brain shut off
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17
Q

How do dolphins sleep?

A
  • sleep alternates between the two cerebral hemispheres
  • can’t entirely go to sleep
  • maintaining vigilance during sleep
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18
Q

How often do newborn humans sleep?

A
  • 16 hours a day
  • 50% REM
  • 50% NREM
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19
Q

How often do adult humans sleep?

A
  • 7 hours day
  • 25% REM
  • 75% NREM
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20
Q

What differences are there between species?

A
  • amount of sleep
  • ratio of REM to NREM sleep
  • length of sleep cycles
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21
Q

What is the measure of a sleep cycle?

A
  • average time between two REM events
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22
Q

How do predatory animals sleep?

A
  • indulge in long, uninterrupted periods of sleep
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23
Q

How do preyed upon animals sleep?

A
  • sleep during short intervals that may last no more than a few minutes
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24
Q

How is sleep and body weight correlated?

A
  • the amount of time a species sleeps each day is inversely correlated with weight
  • less hours of sleep = heavier
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25
Q

How is metabolic rate and body weight correlated?

A
  • overall metabolic rate increases as mass increases
  • metabolic rate per pound (or per cell) decreases as mass increases
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26
Q

What are the correlation of body mass, brain mass, metabolic rate, heart rate, life span, sleep time and length of sleep cycles?

A
  • high body mass
  • high brain mass
  • high overall metabolic rate
  • low metabolic rate per kg/cell
  • low heart rate
  • high life span
  • low total sleep time
  • high length of sleep cycles
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27
Q

What is an example of the correlations for large animals?

A
  • low metabolic rates per cell
  • long lifespans
  • don’t sleep much
  • each sleep session is long
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28
Q

Why do all these correlations exist?

A
  • economies of scale related to heat savings and nutrient/waste distribution networks
  • large animals benefit from economies of scale, so each cell doesn’t have to work as hard as it does in a small animal
  • sleep time is highly correlated with all of these variables suggests that sleep may be critical for a restorative process
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29
Q

What are the main theories about why animals sleep?

A
  • to recover from physical or mental exertion
  • brain processing
  • waste removal
30
Q

What is the theory that animals sleep to recover from physical or mental exertion?

A
  • the amount of time spent exercising and thinking should correlate with total sleep time
  • amount of sleep people get does not correlate very well with how much or how little they exercise or study
  • reduction in blood pressure and heart rate when people sleep, but the caloric difference between a person sleeping and sitting still across 8 hours is negligible
31
Q

What is the theory that animals sleep for brain processing?

A
  • how can the brain update synaptic weights while it is currently operational and constantly receiving new information? (it can’t)
  • sleep gives the brain an opportunity to reorganize data and archive memories (cannot be done efficiently while awake)
  • synaptic modifications clearly occur during sleep
  • learning and memory are impacted by sleep
  • amount of slow-wave and REM sleep people get correlates with improvements in declarative and procedural memory
  • during sleep, brain actively processing information and transferring it between different areas (within and between cells)
32
Q

What is the short explanation of the brain processing theory?

A
  • sleep housekeeping function to maintain network stability
  • learn during day
  • need to reorganize things offline
33
Q

What is the theory that animals sleep for waste removal?

A
  • total sleep time correlates with body size (as well as brain size, metabolic rate, heart rate, and life span)
  • maybe it is critical for a process that benefits from economies of scale: nutrient use or waste removal
  • some evidence suggests sleep is required for the efficient removal of waste products from the brain
  • concentration of many proteins in the brain increases across periods of wakefulness and decreases across periods of sleep
  • the clearance of proteins and waste products from the brain is almost nonexistent during wakefulness but really high during sleep
34
Q

How does the waste removal in the brain work?

A
  • during sleep, glial cells in the brain (astrocytes) seem to lose water and shrink in size
  • increases volume of interstitial space
  • promotes diffusion of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain, clearing away waste
  • big animals may sleep less than small animals because waste clearance systems in the brain benefit from economies of scale
  • larger brains have more space to accumulate garbage, and can clear away waste faster than smaller brains
35
Q

What is the glymphatic system?

A
  • CSF circulates around the brain and diffuses into it, into the interstitial space, becoming the extracellular solution that surrounds neurons
  • as CSF moves through the interstitial space, it clears waste products away before exiting into blood vessels
  • system removes excess proteins and other waste from the interstitial space of the brain
  • clearance of waste minimal during waking but high during sleep
36
Q

Why didn’t animals just evolve bigger brains so CSF can diffuse around the brain and clear away waste all the time?

A
  • no one knows
  • almost all signaling molecules in the brain act via diffusion
  • constraining diffusion is a prominent aspect of regulatory control
  • evolutionary pressure to control and constrain diffusion within the brain to such an extent that waste products can now not be effectively cleared while the brain is functioning
  • sleep may have evolved to let the brain perform optimally most of the day
37
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A
  • changes in behaviour and physiology that follow a 24-hour cycle
  • controlled by internal biological clocks
  • run in the absence of light
  • daily variation in light levels keep the clock adjusted to 24 hours
38
Q

What happens if we shift the light cycle of rats?

A
  • quickly adapt to change
39
Q

What happens to rats if the light is constantly dim?

A
  • maintain their circadian rhythms
  • rhythms drift slightly over time
  • a brief pulse of bright light can shift their internal clock
40
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A
  • of the hypothalamus
  • regulates circadian rhythms
  • receives a direct input from the retina (knows how much light)
41
Q

What happens if the SCN is lesioned?

A
  • dramatically alters circadian rhythms
  • alter the length and timing of sleep-wake cycles
  • do not change the total amount of time that animals spend asleep
  • sleep and wake up at random times
42
Q

What is a biological clock?

A
  • rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles
  • sleep from 10 pm to 7 am
  • every cell in SCN keeps its own clock, coordinating to create master clock
43
Q

What makes the clock of SCN neurons “tick”?

A
  • circadian rhythms are maintained by the production of several genes and two interlocking feedback loops
  • when expression of one proteins gets high enough, it inhibits its own production and promotes the expression of a different protein
44
Q

What is advanced sleep phase syndrome?

A
  • mutation of a gene, per2, causes a 4-hour advance in the biological clock
  • strong desire to fall asleep at 7pm and wake up at 4am
45
Q

What is delayed sleep phase syndrome?

A
  • mutation of a gene, per3, causes a 4-hour delay in the biological clock
  • desire to fall asleep at 2am and wake up at 11am
46
Q

What is the sleep molecule hypothesis?

A
  • what determines how much an animal needs to sleep
  • consistent with the waste removal theory
  • build-up of many molecules in the interstitial fluid of the brain during waking hours, cleared away during sleep
  • some promote drowsiness and sleep at high concentrations
  • adenosine molecule
47
Q

What is the adenosine molecule?

A
  • adenosine receptors on neurons throughout brain + extracellular adenosine builds up during waking hours
  • levels rise in the brain during waking hours
  • accumulate even more with sleep deprivation
  • levels fall rapidly in brain during sleep
  • drowsiness, and during and depth of sleep strongly modulated by adenosine receptor signaling
  • one of many sleep-inducing molecules in the brain
  • build-up of these molecules during waking hours that underlies animals’ homeostatic need for sleep
48
Q

What is an example of an adenosine receptor antagonist?

A
  • caffeine
49
Q

What are the wake promoting signaling molecules?

A
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • acetylcholine
  • orexin
  • histamine
    are released by neurons that show increased activity during periods of arousal, alertness, and wakefulness and decreased activity during slow-wave sleep
50
Q

What is orexin and histamine?

A
  • neuropeptides
  • released by neurons in the hypothalamus
51
Q

What do histamine receptor blockers do?

A
  • antihistamines
  • often cause drowsiness
52
Q

What does norepinephrine neuron activity mean?

A
  • positively correlate with focus and attention
53
Q

What does serotonin (5-HT) neuron activity mean?

A
  • positively correlates with cortical arousal
  • drugs that increase serotonin signaling tend to suppress aspects of REM sleep (without affecting memory)
54
Q

What is the ventral lateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

A
  • of the hypothalamus
  • promote sleep
  • electrical stimulation causes drowsiness, sometimes immediate sleep
  • vlPOA neurons inhibit wake-promoting neurons
  • area receives inhibitory inputs from the same regions it inhibits
  • reciprocal inhibition; flip-flop circuit
55
Q

What happens if the vlPOA is lesioned?

A
  • suppress sleep and cause insomnia
56
Q

What do vlPOA neurons do?

A
  • inhibit wake-promoting neurons
57
Q

What is the sleep/wake flip-flop circuit?

A
  • sleep-promoting region in vlPOA —- brain stem and forebrain arousal system
  • both regions cannot be active at the same time
  • switch from one state to another is fast
  • when one is activated the other is inhibited
58
Q

When is the animal awake (according to flip-flop circuit)?

A
  • when arousal, wake promoting system is more active than the vlPOA neurons
59
Q

When is the animal asleep (according to flip-flop circuit)?

A
  • when the vlPOA neurons are more active than the wake promoting arousal system
60
Q

What does adenosine signaling do?

A
  • activate sleep-promoting vlPOA neurons
  • inhibit arousal-promoting acetylcholine (ACh) neurons
  • influence of adenosine signalling during the day can be masked by other regulators of sleep and arousal (SCN neuron activity)
  • when the clock of SCN neurons aligns with the build-up (or clearance) of sleep-promoting molecules, the network flip-flops and animal transitions into (or out of) sleep
61
Q

What is orexin?

A
  • peptide produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
  • orexin neuron activity promotes wakefulness
  • motivation to remain awake activates orexin neurons
62
Q

What happens when there is an absence of orexin neurons?

A
  • forms of narcolepsy
63
Q

What are the types of sleep disorders?

A
  • narcolepsy
  • insomnia
  • fatal familial insomnia and sporadic fatal insomnia
  • non-REM parasomnias
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder
64
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A
  • rare sleep disorder
  • periods of excessive daytime sleepiness and irresistible urges to sleep
  • death of orexin neurons
  • attacked by the person’s own immune system
  • adolescence or young adulthood
  • sleep paralysis
  • cataplexy
65
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A
  • when REM associated paralysis occurs just before a person falls asleep or just after they wake up
  • often accompanied by vivid, dream-like hallucinations
66
Q

What is cataplexy?

A
  • when complete muscle paralysis suddenly occurs when someone is awake
  • typically precipitated by strong emotional reactions or sudden physical effort
67
Q

What is insomnia?

A
  • difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night
  • affects approximately 25% of population occasionally
  • 9% regularly
68
Q

What is fatal familial insomnia and sporadic insomnia?

A
  • very rare disease
  • progressively worsening insomnia
  • hallucinations, delirium, confusional states, and eventually death
  • progressive neurodegeneration around the thalamus, hypothalamus, and/or brain stem (sleep neurons degenerate, lose ability to sleep)
69
Q

What are non REM parasomnias?

A
  • sleep disorders that occur during non-REM sleep or transitions out of sleep
  • slow wave sleep, first half of night
  • brain caught in between a sleeping and waking state
  • people are unaware they exhibit this behaviour
70
Q

What are types of non-REM parasomnias?

A
  • sleep walking
  • sleep talking
  • sleep groaning
  • sleep crying
  • sleep eating
  • sleep masturbating
  • sleep teeth grinding
  • sleep terrors
71
Q

What are sleep terrors?

A
  • overwhelming feelings of terror upon waking
  • panic and screaming and bodily harm caused by rash actions
  • sometimes have no recollection
  • post-traumatic stress disorder
72
Q

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

A
  • neurological disorder
  • person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep
  • acts out dreams
  • neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component
  • associated with Parkinson’s disease

Psych 211 (neuro) (22 decks)

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