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Fundamentals ATI > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Define circadian rhythm

A

Natural internal process that regulates the sleep–wake cycle within a 24-hour period.

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2
Q

Define sleep-wake homeostasis

A

Assists the body to remember to sleep after a given time.

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3
Q

Why is sleep needed?

A
  • Provides new neural pathways for learning and memorization
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4
Q

Define sleep deprivation

A

When the body does not meet its biologically needed sleep requirement, either chronically or acutely

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5
Q

Function of cerebral cortex

A

Receives sensory input from the thalamus
Transmits info from short-term to long-term memory

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6
Q

Function of brainstem

A

Control rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
GABA produced here (reduces arousal center activity)

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7
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

SCN regulates circadian rhythm through light exposure
GABA produced here (reduces arousal center activity)

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8
Q

Function of thalamus

A
  • Transmits sensory info to cerebral cortex
  • Blocks out distractions during sleep
  • In REM, transmits images, sounds, and sensations which influences dream content
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9
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

Makes melatonin

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10
Q

How many stages of REM do we have per night?

A

4-6

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11
Q

What happens during REM?

A
  • low muscle tone (causes eye movements)
  • Dreaming
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12
Q

How many cycles of NREM per night?

A

4-6

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13
Q

What are the sleep stages?

A

Wake stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

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14
Q

Wake Stage

A

First stage of sleep
More alpha than beta waves
Alpha (8-12 Hz) waves: awake but relaxed, eyes closed
Beta (12-30 Hz) waves: alertness and engagement

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15
Q

Stage 1

A

Lightest sleep
1–5 minutes; 5% of total sleep
Regular breathing
Diminished eye and muscle movement
Electrical activity slows; >50% of alpha waves are exchanged for low-amplitude mizxed-frequency waves

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16
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper sleep
50% total sleep
No eye movements, heart and breathing rate decrease, muscles relax
Sleep spindles = sudden burst of oscillatory activity 0.5-1.5 seconds
K-complex=electrical waveform

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17
Q

Stage 3

A

Deepest sleep
15% total sleep; lasts up to 40 min.
Muscles, bones, and tissues repair, immune system strengthens
Delta waves

18
Q

Stage 4

A

REM; dreaming stage
20–25% total sleep
Heart rate and breathing increase
Muscles continue to relax (reduced muscle tone prevents the person from acting out dreams)
Can last up to 1 hr

19
Q

Sleep cycle of newborns and infants

A

NREM and REM every 45–60 min
Mostly stage 3
Until 3 months, half of sleep is REM sleep

20
Q

Sleep cycle of adults

A

Sleep cycles repeated 4 to 5 times
45-55% in stage 2
10-20% stage 3
20-25% REM

21
Q

Sleep cycle of older adults

A

Decrease in stage 3 and increase in stage 2
Wake more and take longer to fall asleep

22
Q

number of hours of sleep for newborns

A

14-17

23
Q

number of hours of sleep for infants

A

12-15

24
Q

number of hours of sleep for toddlers

A

11-14

25
Q

number of hours of sleep for preschoolers

A

10-13

26
Q

number of hours of sleep for school age kids

A

9-11

27
Q

number of hours of sleep for adolescents

A

8-10

28
Q

number of hours of sleep for adults

A

7-9

29
Q

number of hours of sleep for older adults

A

7-8

30
Q

define total sleep deprivation

A

losing entire nights sleep or staying awake for 24+ hours

31
Q

partial sleep deprivation

A

lessened sleep hours

32
Q

insomnia

A

ongoing inability to sleep despite having the opportunity

33
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

Reduction in the brain’s signals to respiratory muscles
Often caused by opioid overdose and heart failure

34
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

Upper airway collapse and waking
Daytime sleepiness and fatigue

35
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • Chronic sleep condition characterized by sudden sleepiness and sudden periods of sleep.
  • May have sleep paralysis and vivid dreams
  • May have cataplexy (a brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by an emotional stimulus)
36
Q

NT1 vs Nt2 narcolepsy

A
  • NT1 (with cataplexy; caused by lack of hypocretin which is produced by the hypothalamus and causes alertness)
  • NT2 (without cataplexy)
37
Q

Hypersomnia

A

A disorder of excessive daytime fatigue without improvement after more sleep

38
Q

Most common med for sleep

A

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

39
Q

GABA agonists/benzodiazepines

A

Clonazepam, lorazepam
Cause drowsiness

40
Q

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

A

Z-drugs
Can cause hallucinations, memory loss, GI upset

Fundamentals ATI (13 decks)

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