Sleep

Question 1

Define circadian rhythm

Answer 1

Natural internal process that regulates the sleep–wake cycle within a 24-hour period.

Question 2

Define sleep-wake homeostasis

Answer 2

Assists the body to remember to sleep after a given time.

Question 3

Why is sleep needed?

Answer 3

• Provides new neural pathways for learning and memorization

Question 4

Define sleep deprivation

Answer 4

When the body does not meet its biologically needed sleep requirement, either chronically or acutely

Question 5

Function of cerebral cortex

Answer 5

Receives sensory input from the thalamus
Transmits info from short-term to long-term memory

Question 6

Function of brainstem

Answer 6

Control rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
GABA produced here (reduces arousal center activity)

Question 7

Function of hypothalamus

Answer 7

SCN regulates circadian rhythm through light exposure
GABA produced here (reduces arousal center activity)

Question 8

Function of thalamus

Answer 8

• Transmits sensory info to cerebral cortex
• Blocks out distractions during sleep
• In REM, transmits images, sounds, and sensations which influences dream content

Question 9

Function of pineal gland

Answer 9

Makes melatonin

Question 10

How many stages of REM do we have per night?

Answer 10

4-6

Question 11

What happens during REM?

Answer 11

• low muscle tone (causes eye movements)
• Dreaming

Question 12

How many cycles of NREM per night?

Answer 12

4-6

Question 13

What are the sleep stages?

Answer 13

Wake stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4

Question 14

Wake Stage

Answer 14

First stage of sleep
More alpha than beta waves
Alpha (8-12 Hz) waves: awake but relaxed, eyes closed
Beta (12-30 Hz) waves: alertness and engagement

Question 15

Stage 1

Answer 15

Lightest sleep
1–5 minutes; 5% of total sleep
Regular breathing
Diminished eye and muscle movement
Electrical activity slows; >50% of alpha waves are exchanged for low-amplitude mizxed-frequency waves

Question 16

Stage 2

Answer 16

Deeper sleep
50% total sleep
No eye movements, heart and breathing rate decrease, muscles relax
Sleep spindles = sudden burst of oscillatory activity 0.5-1.5 seconds
K-complex=electrical waveform

Question 17

Stage 3

Answer 17

Deepest sleep
15% total sleep; lasts up to 40 min.
Muscles, bones, and tissues repair, immune system strengthens
Delta waves

Question 18

Stage 4

Answer 18

REM; dreaming stage
20–25% total sleep
Heart rate and breathing increase
Muscles continue to relax (reduced muscle tone prevents the person from acting out dreams)
Can last up to 1 hr

Question 19

Sleep cycle of newborns and infants

Answer 19

NREM and REM every 45–60 min
Mostly stage 3
Until 3 months, half of sleep is REM sleep

Question 20

Sleep cycle of adults

Answer 20

Sleep cycles repeated 4 to 5 times
45-55% in stage 2
10-20% stage 3
20-25% REM

Question 21

Sleep cycle of older adults

Answer 21

Decrease in stage 3 and increase in stage 2
Wake more and take longer to fall asleep

Question 22

number of hours of sleep for newborns

Answer 22

14-17

Question 23

number of hours of sleep for infants

Answer 23

12-15

Question 24

number of hours of sleep for toddlers

Answer 24

11-14

Question 25

number of hours of sleep for preschoolers

Answer 25

10-13

Question 26

number of hours of sleep for school age kids

Answer 26

9-11

Question 27

number of hours of sleep for adolescents

Answer 27

8-10

Question 28

number of hours of sleep for adults

Answer 28

7-9

Question 29

number of hours of sleep for older adults

Answer 29

7-8

Question 30

define total sleep deprivation

Answer 30

losing entire nights sleep or staying awake for 24+ hours

Question 31

partial sleep deprivation

Answer 31

lessened sleep hours

Question 32

insomnia

Answer 32

ongoing inability to sleep despite having the opportunity

Question 33

Central sleep apnea

Answer 33

Reduction in the brain’s signals to respiratory muscles
Often caused by opioid overdose and heart failure

Question 34

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 34

Upper airway collapse and waking
Daytime sleepiness and fatigue

Question 35

Narcolepsy

Answer 35

• Chronic sleep condition characterized by sudden sleepiness and sudden periods of sleep.
• May have sleep paralysis and vivid dreams
• May have cataplexy (a brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by an emotional stimulus)

Question 36

NT1 vs Nt2 narcolepsy

Answer 36

• NT1 (with cataplexy; caused by lack of hypocretin which is produced by the hypothalamus and causes alertness)
• NT2 (without cataplexy)

Question 37

Hypersomnia

Answer 37

A disorder of excessive daytime fatigue without improvement after more sleep

Question 38

Most common med for sleep

Answer 38

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

Question 39

GABA agonists/benzodiazepines

Answer 39

Clonazepam, lorazepam
Cause drowsiness

Question 40

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

Answer 40

Z-drugs
Can cause hallucinations, memory loss, GI upset