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Fundamentals ATI > Infection Control and Isolation > Flashcards

Infection Control and Isolation Flashcards

1
Q

Chain of infection requirements

A

Presence of infectious agent, available reservoir, a portal of exit from the reservoir, mode of transmission from reservoir to host, and portal of entry to host

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2
Q

Infectious agent

A

Something containing virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus, or prion.

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3
Q

Reservoir

A

habitat where infectious agent lives

can be animate (human, animal) or inanimate (medical equipment, food, contaminated soil or water)

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4
Q

Portal of exit

A

Route where infectious agent leaves the reservoir
Body orifice or skin, blood and body fluids
To break chain of infection at portal of exit: contain body fluids and decrease secretions

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5
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector-borne transmission
Break chain of infection here with hand hygiene and PPE

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6
Q

Portal of entry

A

How infectious agent enters host
Body orifice, breaks in skin
Can be the same as the portal of exit (for example, resp tract)

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7
Q

How can you decrease host susceptibility

A

Increase host line of defense: vaccination, hand hygiene, nutrition, blood glucose control

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8
Q

What affects whether a host will become ill after being infected?

A
  1. Whether the host is healthy at the time of infection (including diet and sleep)
  2. Interactions with other pathogens in the body and virulence of the infectious agent
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9
Q

What increases host susceptibility?

A
  • age
  • immunosuppressants and other medicaations
  • HIV/AIDS
  • cancer
  • transplant
  • radiation therapy
  • devices in the body (IVs, catheters, implants)
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10
Q

What are the 3 modes of transmission of an infectious agent?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Droplet
  3. Airborne
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11
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Pathogens move directly from one person to another

Ex: patient’s blood comes in contact directly with nurses’s skin.

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12
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

Transmission from an infected person to another through a contaminated object or person
Ex: PPE that is not removed between patients can transmit infectious agents between patients

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13
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

Infectious droplets travel through the air and come in contact with the mucosa of the host.
droplets can be released by CPR, intubation, and chest physiotherapy

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14
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

Small infectious particles move into the airspace of another person (they can travel longer distances)
Examples: TB, measles, and chickenpox

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15
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

transmission from contaminated ITEMS to MULTIPLE people

Ex: Lettuce gets contaminated with E.Coli and causes an outbreak.

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16
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

Transmission of infectious agents through animals, including insects.

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17
Q

What are physical barriers to infection?

A
  • SKIN (reduces water loss, protects against abrasion and microorganisms, and creates a permeable barrier against the environment)
  • Mucous membranes (humidification can be added to O2)
  • tears, sweat and WBCs remove waste from the body
  • cilia in respiratory tract prevent pathogens from entering
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18
Q

What are chemical barriers to infection?

A
  • unfavorable pH (vagina)

- Acids and enzymes in GI tract destroy some pathogens

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19
Q

Nonspecific immunity

A

Neutrophils and macrophages (which work as phagocytes and are released during inflammatory response)

20
Q

Specific immunity

A

Antibodies and lymphocytes

21
Q

Inflammatory response steps

A
  1. Recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors on surface of cells
  2. Activation of inflammatory pathway
  3. Release of inflammatory markers
  4. Recruitment of inflammatory cells
22
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormones secreted by macrophages during inflammatory response, which attract immune cells to the injured site and activate cells involved in tissue repair

23
Q

How do antihistamines work?

A

They block histamine, which is released from mast cells during inflammatory response

24
Q

What are signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

Pain, swelling, redness, and heat

25
Q

What are potential outcomes of inflammatory response?

A
  1. Infection/wound heals locally
  2. Infection spreads to lymph
  3. Infection spreads to blood (sepsis)
26
Q

What causes swelling in inflammation?

A

Plasma from the blood enters the site

27
Q

What causes pain in infection?

A

Swelling from increase in plasma puts pressure on nerves in the area

28
Q

What is pus?

A

WBCs and destroyed pathogens

29
Q

How does vasodilation occur in the inflammatory response?

A

Stimulated by histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins in order to bring more WBCs to the site

30
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Acute illness
  4. Period of decline
  5. Period of convalescence
31
Q

Incubation stage

A

The time between exposure and first symptoms. Labs may detect infection at this stage

32
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Infectious agent replicates and pt starts to have symptoms (fever, aches, etc.)

33
Q

Acute illness stage

A

Specific infectious disease process becomes clearer

34
Q

Period of decline

A

Signs and symptoms start to decline

35
Q

Period of convalescence

A

Return to a previous state of health, or a new state of health if the infection has left lasting effects.

36
Q

Local infections

A

confined to an area of the body and can be treated with oral and topical abx

37
Q

Systemic infection

A

Start local then move into blood. Requires IV abx and monitoring.

38
Q

Function and expected lab value of neutrophils

A
  • first responder and phagocytic

- 55-70%

39
Q

Fxn and expected lab value of lymphocytes

A
  • fight chronic bacterial infections and acute viruses

- 20-40%

40
Q

Fxn and expected lab value of monocytes

A
  • phagocytes that clean tissue damage, enhance immune response
  • 2-8%
41
Q

Fxn and expected lab value of eosinophils

A
  • active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

- 1-4%

42
Q

Fxn and expected lab value of basophils

A
  • release histamine, serotonin, and heparin (increase blood flow and reduce clotitng)
  • can perform phagocytosis
  • 0.5-1%
43
Q

Medical asepsis

A

Reduction of disease-causing microorganisms to reduce infection risk (such as isolation precautions)

44
Q

surgical asepsis

A

Techniques to make sure surgical items are sterile, as well as other equipment that may come in contact with the patient like gloves. This prevents SSIs

45
Q

Sterilization

A

Eradication of all microorganisms, including spores, through cleaning such as steam and dry heat, ethylene oxide gas, or chemicals.

46
Q

Sterile fields

A

Work surface close to pt and 12-18 inch away from other objects like tables and walls. Packaging of supplies should be checked for tears. Outer in inch border of field is contaminated so items should be placed in the middle

47
Q

Disinfection

A 
Cleans instruments so ALMOST all microorganisms are eradicated. 
high level (some spores remain) - pasteurization or chemicals for procedural equipment
low level (spores, and some fungi and viruses remain) - hospital grade cleaning products for pt room items

Fundamentals ATI (13 decks)

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