Sleep

Question 1

Circadian rhythm

Answer 1

A biological rhythm involving changes in bodily functions or actions that occur as part of a cycle with a duration of 24 hours.

Question 2

Ultradian rhythm

Answer 2

Changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of 90 minute cycles.

Question 3

Melatonin

Answer 3

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland in relation to the amount of light that is detected
- Lower light > higher melatonin > greater drowsiness

Question 4

How long do young adults typically spend in NREM sleep?

Answer 4

75 - 80%

Question 5

How long do young adults typically spend in REM sleep?

Answer 5

20 - 25%

Question 6

NREM stage 1

Answer 6

• Theta waves,
• Involuntary muscle twitches
• Slow rolling eye movements
• Decrease in heart rate, temperature, muscle tension

Question 7

NREM stage 2

Answer 7

• Theta waves
• No eye movements
• Higher arousal threshold
• Heart rate falls, continued temperature drop

Question 8

NREM stage 3

Answer 8

• 20-50% delta waves
• No eye movements
• Higher arousal threshold
• Heart rate and temperature continue to drop

Question 9

NREM stage 4

Answer 9

• More than 50% delta waves
• No eye movements
• Muscles completely relaxed
• Heart rate and temperature at their lowest

Question 10

REM

Answer 10

• Irregular, mixed waves
• Spontaneous bursts of eye movements
• Occasional twitching of muscles
• Internal functioning more active during REM sleep than NREM
• Most dreaming occurs during this stage

Question 11

Restoration theory
- REM
- NREM

Answer 11

Proposes that sleep provides time to help us recover from depleted energy resources during waking time that uses up the body’s physical and mental resources.

REM - replenishes the mind
NREM - replenishes the body

Question 12

Evidence of restoration theory

Answer 12

Marathon runners spend more time in NREM sleep as they are more active.

Cognitive decline occurs with sleep deprivation.

Question 13

Restoration theory limitation

Answer 13

There is no cause-effect relationship between sleep loss and health problems.

Question 14

Evolutionary theory

Answer 14

Proposes that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism through making it inactive during the part of the day when it is most risky or dangerous to move about.

Question 15

Evolutionary theory evidence

Answer 15

Large animals that are more vulnerable sleep less

Large predatory animals sleep more

Question 16

Evolutionary theory limitation

Answer 16

Does not account for the loss of awareness & alertness during sleep since the loss may place the animal at risk.

Question 17

Newborns
- amount of sleep required
- Proportion spent in NREM sleep
- Proportion spent in REM sleep

Answer 17

16 hours
50% NREM
50% REM

Question 18

Child
- amount of sleep required
- Proportion spent in NREM sleep
- Proportion spent in REM sleep

Answer 18

11-13 hours
80% NREM
20% REM

Question 19

Adolescent
- amount of sleep required
- Proportion spent in NREM sleep
- Proportion spent in REM sleep

Answer 19

9 hours
80% NREM
20% REM

Question 20

Adult
- amount of sleep required
- Proportion spent in NREM sleep
- Proportion spent in REM sleep

Answer 20

8 hours
80% NREM
20% REM

Question 21

Elderly
- amount of sleep required
- Proportion spent in NREM sleep
- Proportion spent in REM sleep

Answer 21

6-7 hours
85% NREM
15% REM

Question 22

What age group experiences the most REM sleep?

Answer 22

Babies

Question 23

What age group experiences the least REM sleep?

Answer 23

Elderly