Slavery

Question 1

How did sugar connect the word?

Answer 1

Grown in warmer climates eg. India
350AD - boiled and dried - crystals traded with Islamic world between 350-1100 AD
Through the crusades traded as luxury item in Europe

Question 2

Who was sugar available to in the 1400s and why?

Answer 2

Only the rich because merchants charged very high prices because it had to be traded from very far away

Question 3

How did the idea of slave labour stem from growing sugar ( where and who grew sugar)

Answer 3

end of 1400s, spainish and Portuguese found islands off the coast of Africa, perfect climate I.e canary Islands, Cape Verde, São tomé etc. Portuguese took people from nearby African kingdoms used them for slave labour, idea spread

Question 4

How, when and who spread the sugar trade to the Americas?

Answer 4

Portuguese tried to make Brazilians move to coast but by 1600,
200 000 enslaved Africans moved to Brazil and Caribbean

Question 5

How did sugar develop from luxury to commodity?

Answer 5

Until 1600, not enough production of sugar so it’s only for the wealthy, but then it became accessible so affordable. Industrial revolution, demand for sugar increases as it is a source for quick energy.

Question 6

Enslaved people

Answer 6

the legal property of someone else, bought, sold and traded as goods

Question 7

What happend to slavery after the fall of the roman empire?

Answer 7

Less common

Question 8

Where did it continue to exist?

Answer 8

Africa

Question 9

Why were people enslaved (before transatlantic slave trade) and how were they different from transatlantic slaves?

Answer 9

Punishment for crimes, captured in warfare, often serfs, could rise to power and were like part of master’s family

Question 10

What did slave labour produce?

Answer 10

Sugar, cotton, tobacco, rum

Question 11

When was the slave trade abolished
(British empire)?

Answer 11

1807

Question 12

How many people we transported as enslaved people between 1502 and 1850?

Answer 12

11 to 60 million

Question 13

When was owning a slave illegal (British empire)?

Answer 13

1833

Question 14

What was happening to african empires in the 1600s?

Answer 14

the previously wealthy and powerful empires ie Mali were crumbling

Question 15

How did the transatlantic slave trade start?

Answer 15

Europeans especially brits traded manufactured goods and weapons that african rulers wanted for prisoners of war and criminals (‘labour’)

Question 16

Explain how the trade of weapons for slaves was a cycle of violence

Answer 16

The kingdoms went to war for slaves to get more goods, so other kingdoms had to trade slaves for weapons for protection, this lead to lots of wars and political instability

Question 17

European ‘justification’ for slave trade

Answer 17

Already seen as wrong, made up that Africans were ‘biologically inferior’ which divided people and created racism

Question 18

Slave trade triangle -Europe to western coast of Africa

Answer 18

textile, rum, weapons, manufactured goods

Question 19

Slave trade triangle - middle passage (western coast of Africa to carribean)

Answer 19

Enslaved people (Labour supply)

Question 20

Slave trade triangle - Americas to Europe

Answer 20

Sugar, tobacco, cotton etc. (goods produced by slaves) brought to be manufactured and traded

Question 21

How was american slavery and african slavery different?

Answer 21

American - like chattle or goods, unhumane
African - like serfs

Question 22

Middle passage - march to the coast (what, conditions)

Answer 22

-marched to European coastal forts
- 20miles a day -8hrs of walking
-2 by 2 at leg -all chained at the neck

Question 23

Middle passage -coastal forts (who, where,conditions)

Answer 23

-Europeans had fine houses and forts on coast
-enslaved kept in crowded dungeons for many months
-Conflict between people from different kingdoms which were at war
-led to many deaths

Question 24

Middle passage - canoe to ships (conditions)

Answer 24

-chained together
-many drowned themselves to avoid a life of slavery

Question 25

Middle passage -Atlantic crossing (how long, how, conditions)

Answer 25

-six to eight weeks
-‘cargoe on shelves’ -tiny spaces
-sexually and physically abused
-separated from families
-muzzle and whips
-sick people thrown overboard
-

Question 26

Royal African Company’s death rate en route 1680 to 1688

Answer 26

23% of enslaved people

Question 27

Some reasons for death en route

Answer 27

-abuse from crew
-disease
-conditions eg. food, space
-psychosocial trauma

Question 28

Evidence of conditions of middle passage

Answer 28

Ships logs, medication on the ship, accounts of people, zhang ship Court case

Question 29

What happened to enslaved people when they arrived in the Americas?

Answer 29

-bathed, shaved and prepared slaves
-auctioned them as goods to plantation owners

Question 30

Types of jobs on a plantation

Answer 30

Painter, masons, butlers, fishermen, watermen, ploughman, shepard, shoemaker, carter, cook, carpenter, driver, cooper, tailor, butcher, laundry maids, labourer, nursemaids, blacksmiths and fieldhands (60% women)

Question 31

What did the overseers do?

Answer 31

Oversee fieldhands mostly and made sure they didn’t stop working by whipping people

Question 32

When did enslaved people start working?

Answer 32

Around 3 or 4, fetch water or pick weeds

Question 33

Working conditions field hands (when,who, breaks)

Answer 33

-before sunrise to nightfall (Caribbean so long, hot days all year round)
-half an hour to eat
-every weather and age
-laborious and strenuous

Question 34

Punishments

Answer 34

Whipping and pain, demotion to the fields (fieldhands treated the worst), execution, ears cut off, separation from family

Question 35

Free time and rewards

Answer 35

-work for community to make money to buy freedom
-work in the plantation owners house, eg maid because they had more food, less punishment
-community looks after each other
-secret religious ceremonies at night
-create work songs

Question 36

Acts of slave resistance (8)

Answer 36

Faking illness
Taking extra supplies
Working slowly
Pretending not to understand
Managing tradition and carving beautiful utensils
Poisoning enslavers
Escaping
Learing to read and write

Question 37

Haitian revolution - who, where, when, ratio slaves to colonists

Answer 37

French Island of ‘St domican’ (now haiti)
18th century
565,000 people - 500,000 slaves and 65000 colonists - slaves to colonists
10:1

Question 38

How was the treatment of Haitian slaves different to other slaves and why?

Answer 38

Minor rebellions, colonists tried to break slave’s spirits but this only spurred on their anger and want to revolt

Question 39

How did the slaves band together in haiti? Why were they able to?

Answer 39

slaves from different plantations all worked together and had over 200 strong leaders, they used underground messages to get organised
They were able to because the colonists underestimated the slaves’ organisation skills

Question 40

How did the French revolution affect the Haitian revolution?

Answer 40

The ideas of equality, fraternity and liberty go against slavery, and their revolution against their oppressors gave lots of encouragement
It also distracted the colonists giving the slaves a chance to strike

Question 41

How did the colonists’ bias, arrogance and idea of superiority affect the Haitian revolution?

Answer 41

One group rebelled early and was caught but when they confessed the colonists didn’t believe them!
The colonists didn’t prepare because they underestimated the slaves so that gave them an element of surprise