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604 Anatomy > Skull, Mandible, and Hyoid Apparatus > Flashcards

Skull, Mandible, and Hyoid Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

dolichocephalic

A

whippet/greyhound shape (long nosed dogs)

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2
Q

mesocephalic

A

medium-nosed dog

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3
Q

brachycephalic

A

short nosed dog

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4
Q

Skull

A

complex of bones formed in both membrane and cartilage

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5
Q

cranium

A

bones that surround the brain

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6
Q

calvaria

A

roof of the cranium (parietal and frontal bones)

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7
Q

external sagittal crest

A

median ridge formed by parietal and interparietal bones

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8
Q

Do all breeds have an external sagittal crest?

A

No - brachycephalic breeds often do not

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9
Q

Temporal line

A

present in all breeds, most pronounced in brachycephalics; not associated with temporal bone

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10
Q
A

temporal fossa

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11
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

where interparietal and occipital bone fuse

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12
Q

Paracondylar process

A

ventral projections that articulate with tympanic bulla

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13
Q

Occipital condyles

A

protrusions help outline foramen magnum

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14
Q

Pink?
Green?
Blue?

A

Pink = External occipital protuberance
Green = Occipital condyles
Blue = Paracondylar process

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15
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

exit for the medulla of the brainstem to the spinal cord

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16
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

exit for hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

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17
Q

What cranial nerves run through the tympano-occipital fissure?

A

CN9, 10, and 11 (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory)

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18
Q

Species with the tympano-occipital fissure

A

carnivore and ruminant

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19
Q

Structures that are not cranial nerves that go through tympano-occipital fissure

A

internal jugular vein, sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic axons [from the cranial cervical ganglion]

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20
Q

Nuchal crest

A

the point where you go from dorsal surface to caudal surface of the skull; in the carnivore and equine

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21
Q

Nuchal line

A

in the ruminant, frontal bone goes to the caudal aspect

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22
Q

Ethmoid foramen

A

at ventrolateral aspect of the frontal bone and the ethmoid vessels run through it

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23
Q

Is the zygomatic process of the frontal bone present in all three species?

A

yes

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24
Q

Supraorbital Foramen

A

palpable formen in the equine frontal bone where the supraorbital VAN triad goes though and is important for nerve blocks

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25
Q

Cornual process

A

bony process of the frontal bone that actually makes the horn in the ruminant

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26
Q

Intercornual protuberance

A

aka the poll, bump between the horns

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27
Q

Do ruminants have supraorbital formina?

A

yes (and it has the VAN triad); ox has multiple

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28
Q

Supraorbital groove

A

present in ruminants; frontal vein runs caudally along it

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29
Q

3 Parts of the Temporal Bone

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Tympanic
  3. Petrosal
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30
Q

4 Parts of the Squamous Part of the Temporal Bone

A
  1. Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone
  2. Mandibular fossa
  3. Retroarticular process
  4. Retroarticular foramen
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31
Q

What does the mandibular fossa articulate with? What does it form?

A

condyle of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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32
Q

Retroarticular foramen

A

drains the temporal venous sinus and important in TECA surgery

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33
Q

Tympanic bulla

A

bulbous enlargement that encloses the middleear cavity and its ossicles

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34
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

on lateral side of tympanic bulla

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35
Q

What cranial nerve exits the skull from the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Facial nerve (CN7), located just caudal to the external acoustic meatus

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36
Q

Petrosal part of the temporal bone is also essentially?

A

inner ear

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37
Q

Foramen lacerum

A

located on rostromedial edge of tympanic bulla; in carnivores and bovines; loop of internal carotid goes through

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38
Q

Musculotubal canal

A

slightly lateral to foramen lacerum
bonyenclosure or auditory tube from middle ear to nasopharynx

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39
Q

Auditory tube

A

equalizes air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear

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40
Q

Infraorbital foramen

A

rostral opening of the infraorbital canal in the maxilla bone

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41
Q

Maxillary foramen

A

caudal opening to the infraorbital canal

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42
Q

What runs through the infraorbital canal?

A

Infraorbital VAN triad

43
Q

Facial crest

A

part of the temporal bone that is the site for muscle attachment in the horse

44
Q

Facial tuberosity

A

part of the temporal bone that is the site for muscle attachment in the ruminant

45
Q

Lacrimal bulla

A

part of temporal bone that is lateral to the maxillary foramen in the ruminant

46
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

zygomatic arch

47
Q

Which species does not have a frontal process of the zygomatic bone?

A

equine

48
Q

What 3 bones make up the orbital margin?

A

frontal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones

49
Q

What species has an orbital ligament?

A

carnivores

50
Q

Orbital ligament

A

extennds from frontal process of zygomatic bone to zygomatic process of the frontal bone (in carnivores because the orbit is incomplete)

51
Q

Foramina of the Pterygopalatine fossa

A

caudal palatine foramen
sphenopalatine foramen

52
Q

What runs through the caudal palatine foramen?

A

major palatine VAN triad

53
Q

What runs through the sphenopalatine foramen?

A

sphenopalatine artery and vein
Caudal nasal nerve

54
Q

What cranial nerve runs through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve (CN2)

55
Q

What cranial nerves run through the orbital fissure?

A
56
Q

Rostral and caudal alar foramina

A

openings of the alar canal; pass-through for maxiallary artery and nerve

57
Q

Round foramen

A

opens from cranial cavity into the alar canal

58
Q

What nerve runs through the round foramen?

A

maxillary from trigeminal nerve

59
Q

What runs through the oval foramen?

A

mandibular nerve from the trigeminal nerve, middle meningeal artery

60
Q

Foramen Lacerum Size in Equines

A

larger than in the carnivore (includes the tympano-occipital fissure, oval foramen, jugular foramen, and more)

61
Q

Parts of Foramen Lacerum in Horse

A
  1. Oval Notch
  2. Carotid Notch
62
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum in the horse?

A

mandibular branch from trigeminal (oval), CN9, 10, and 11, sympathetic trunk, internal carotid artery, [internal] jugular vein, and also anything from the tympano-occipital fissure

63
Q

Name the red, blue, and yellow notches of the formen lacerum of the horse.

A

Red = Jugular Notch
Blue = Oval Notch
Yellow = Carotid Notch

64
Q

Do ruminants have an alar canal?

A

No

65
Q

Foramen orbitorotundum

A

joined orbital fissure and round foramen in ruminants; passge for CN 3,4, 6, and the opthalmic and maxillary trigeminals

66
Q

3 Sphenoid Foramina in Ruminants

A
  1. Optic Canal (CN2)
  2. Oval Foramen (mandibular division of trigeminal)
  3. Foramen Orbitorotundum
67
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

rostral wall of the ethmoid bone

68
Q

Sella turcica

A

dorsal surface of the basisphenoid bone

69
Q

Hypophyseal fossa

A

where the pituitary gland sits in the skull

70
Q

Dorsum sellae

A

the raised bump in the sella turcica

71
Q

Which lobes of the brain sit in the sella turcica?

A

parietal and temporal

72
Q

Canal for the trigeminal nerve

A

within the cranial cavity and where the trigeminal ganglion is; where the trigeminal splits into multiple branches before leaving the skull

73
Q

What nerves run through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN 7 and 8)

74
Q

Cerebellar fossa

A

holds a small lateral portion of the cerebellum

75
Q

Jugular foramen

A

opens through tympano-occipital fissure (in carnivores and ruminant) and is exit for CN9,10,11 and internal jugular vein

76
Q

Condyloid canal

A

venous sinus runs through here

77
Q

Foramen for the Dorsal Sagittal SInus

A

transverse canal and transverse groove will carry the dorsal sagittal sinus to transverse sinus

78
Q

Nasoincisive Notch

A

junction of the nasal and incisive bones

79
Q

Choanae

A

opening of nasal cavities to the common nasopharynx, between the vomer and the palatine bone

80
Q

What three bones make up the hard palate?

A
  1. Incisive bone
  2. Maxilla bone
  3. Palatine bone
81
Q

Alveolus

A

bony sockets that the roots of the teeth fit into

82
Q

Interalveolar septae

A

bony part between the separate alveoli of adjacent teeth

83
Q

Interradicular septae

A

bony part between the alveolus of the tooth separating each root

84
Q

Palatine fissure

A

between the canine teeth for blood vessels to enter the nasal cavity

85
Q

What runs through the Major Palatine Foramen?

A

major palatine VAN triad

86
Q

What runs through the Minor Palatine Foramen/Foramina?

A

Major and Minor VAN triads

87
Q

How many mandibles?

A

two, to compose the lower jaw

88
Q

Parts of the Mandible

A

Body and Ramus

89
Q

Massenteric fossa

A

on the ramus and is the insertion point for masseter muscle

90
Q

Coronoid crest and process

A

temporal muscle inserts on the medial aspect

91
Q

Mandibular foramen

A

on medial aspect of the ramus of the mandible, the caudal opening of the mandibular canal; opening for Inferior Alveolar VAN triad

92
Q

Mental foramina

A

opening of the mandibular canal rostrally, for mental VAN triads

93
Q

Clinical Significance of Mental Foramina?

A

small animal medicine for nerve blocks during dentals!

94
Q

Condylar/Condyloid process of the mandible

A

helps form temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

95
Q

Mandibular notch

A

between the condylar and coronoid processes and are for mandibular nerve motor branches to innerate the masseter muscle

96
Q

Angular process

A

most caudoventral aspect of mandible, attachment of pterygoid and masseter muscles

97
Q

What two pieces make up the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A
  1. Condylar process of mandible
  2. Mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
98
Q

Hyoid Apparatus

A

to stabilize the tongue and larynx by suspending it from the skull

99
Q

6 Parts of the Hyoid Apparatus

A
  1. Tympanohyoid cartilage
  2. Stylohyoid Bone
  3. Epihyoid Bone
  4. Ceratohyoid Bone
  5. Basihyoid Bone
  6. Thyrohyoid Bone
100
Q

Which bone of the hyoid apparatus is not paired?

A

Basihyoid

101
Q

Function of Basihyoid Bone

A

unite both sides of the hyoid aparatus in the root of the tongue

102
Q

To help orient you and your hyoid apparatus

A

you’re doing great

103
Q

Label your hyoid apparatus.

A
104
Q

What is unique about the large animal hyoid apparatus?

A

the basihyoid bone has a lingual process that juts out rostrally

604 Anatomy (8 decks)

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