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Donny Positioning semester 3 > Skull Chap 11 exam review > Flashcards

Skull Chap 11 exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the outer canthus located?

A

lateral junction of where the eyelids meet

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2
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the inner canthus located?

A

inner eyelids meet near the nose

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3
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the Gabella located?

A

smooth, raised triangle process superior to eyebrows & bridge of nose

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4
Q

Exam review:
Where is the nasion located?

A

at the junction of the two nasal bones & the frontal bone

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5
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the acanthion located?

A

midline junction where the upper lip and nasal septum meet

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6
Q

Exam Review:
What is the thickest part of the cranium?

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone
pyramid shaped

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7
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the densest part of the cranium?
What is the thinnest most vulnerable portion of the cranium?

A

Petrous portion of temporal bone (or ridge of the temporal bone)
Squamous portion of temporal bone

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8
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the gonion located?

A

lower posterior “angle” of the mandible
“jawline”

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9
Q

Exam:
What is the pinna?
What is it also referred to as?

A

large flap of ear made of cartilage
aka auricle

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10
Q

Exam Review:
What is the CR for Caldwell?
What is the angle?
What line is to the IR?
What does this best show?

A

CR exits nasion
Caudad 15 (30 exaggerated)
OML perpendicular to IR
Criteria:
petrous pyramid located in lower 1/3 (15)
petrous pyramid located IOM showing full orbit (30)

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11
Q

Exam Review:
What is the difference between the lateral cranium and the lateral facial bones?
What is different in the anatomy?
What is the CR for both?

A

CR for Lat skull is 2 inches above EAM *
CR for Lat Facial is between outer canthus & RAM
Lat skull you can cut off the mandible *
Lateral sinus can cut off the posterior skull
(Positioning is RAO but cranium in lateral)

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12
Q

Exam Review:
What is mesocephalic?

A

average shaped head shaped at an angle of 47 degrees
(75 to 80% of length)
‘‘normal skull”

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13
Q

Exam Review:
What is Brachycephalic?

A

wide skull, greater than 47 approximately 54 degrees
(width is 80% or more of length)
“fat head”

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14
Q

Exam Review:
What is dolichocephalic?

A

skinny skull, less than 47 degrees from parietal tubercles
width is less than 75% of length
“skinny head”

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15
Q

Exam Review:
How do the Caldwell, exaggerated Caldwell, and PA skull look compared to each other?

A

15 degree caudad Caldwell puts petrious ridge in bottom 1/3 of orbit *
exaggerated caldwell places petrious ridge completely out of the orbit *
PA skill has the petrious ridge completely in the orbit *

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16
Q

Exam Review:
What bone houses the hearing organs?

A

Temporal bone
(Mastoid portion)

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17
Q

Exam Review:
What does the occipital bone articulate with?

A

6 bones:
2 parietals
2 temporals
1 sphenoid
1 atlas (C1)

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18
Q

Exam:
What does the parietal articulate with?

A

5 cranial bones:
1 frontal
1 occipital
1 temporal
1 sphenoid
1 (opposite parietal)

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19
Q

Exam:
What does the temporal articulate with?

A

3 cranial bones:
1 parietal bone
1 occipital bone
1 sphenoid bone

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20
Q

Exam:
What does the sphenoid articulate with?

A

all 7 of the cranial bones & 5 facial bones
acts as the anchor for the cranium

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21
Q

Exam:
What does the ethmoid articulate with?

A

2 cranial bones & 11 facial bones
1 frontal bone
1 sphenoid bone

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22
Q

Exam:
What does the frontal bone articulate with?

A

4 cranial bones:
2 parietals (L & R)
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid

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23
Q

Exam Review:
What is GML?
What is OML?
What is IOML?
What is AML?
What is LML?
What is MML?
What’s the degree difference between OML and IOML?

A

gabellomeatal line (GML)
Orbitomeatal line (OML)
infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML)
lips-meatal line (LML)
mentomeatal line (MML)
7 degree difference

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24
Q

What is GAL?
What is IPL?

A

glabelloalveolar line (GAL) “msp”
interpupillary line (IPL) “coronal at eyes”
IPL helps achieve true lateral when it is perpendicular to the IR

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25
Q

Exam Review:
What line is parallel or perpendicular in the SMV projection?

A

IOML is parallel to IR
GAL is perpendicular

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26
Q

Exam Review:
How is the image receptor for the skull projections?

A

All are portrait except for lateral cranium

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27
Q

Exam Review:
How many cranial bones are there?
What are the names?

A

8
1 frontal bone
2 parietal bones
2 temporal bones
1 ethmoid
1 sphenoid
1 occipital

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28
Q

Exam Review:
How does SMV differ physically on an x-ray?
What line is parallel or perpendicular to the IR?
What is the CR?

A

SMV: IOML parallel to IR, GAL perpendicular to IR
CR 1 1/2 inches inferior to mandible condyles **
best shows floor view of cranium ands sphenoid and ethmoid sinus
(sinuses, mandible, foramen magnum

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29
Q

Exam Review:
How does Waters differ physically on an x-ray?
What line is the IR?
What is the CR?
What is best shown?
What is it also called?

A

Waters: MML perpendicular to IR
CR exits acanthion
best shows sinuses, nasal septum
Parietoacanthial

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30
Q

Exam Review:
How does Haas differ physically on an x-ray?
What line is on the IR?
What is the angle?
What is the CR?
What’s is best shown?
What is magnified vs the Townes?
Also called?

A

Haas: OML perpendicular to IR,
CR exits 1 1/2 superior to nasion
25 cephalic
best shows dorsum sellae in foramen magnum,
Occipital bone is more magnified
PA axial

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31
Q

Exam Review:
What is another name for Waters?
What is another name for Haas?
What is another name for Townes?

A

parietoacanthial projection: Waters
PA axial: Haas
AP axial: Townes

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32
Q

Exam Review:
What bones make up the orbit?

A

3 cranial bones & 4 facial bones
C: frontal, sphenoid, & ethmoid
F: Maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, palatine

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33
Q

Exam Review:
What is the widest portion of the skull?

A

parietal tubercles (eminences)

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34
Q

Exam Review:
What bone contains the sellae turcica?
What organ lies in the sellae turcica?

A

Sphenoid bone
Pituitary gland

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35
Q

Exam Review:
Your patient comes to radiology for a study of the cranium and is unable to flex his head and neck to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial projection (Townes). What should the technologist do to compensate for this without causing distortion?

A

increase the angle by 7 degrees caudad to match the IOML
(we don’t switch to Haas because PA projection would enlarge the occipital bone)

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36
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the pituitary gland?

A

in the sellae turcica of the sphenoid bone

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37
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the supraorbital groove located? (SOG)

A

slight depression above eyebrow

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38
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the infraorbital groove located?

A
39
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the Gabella located?

A

smooth raised prominence superior to bridge of nose
(between eyebrows)

40
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the frontal tuberosity located?

A

Superior to SOG
(large & rounded prominence)

41
Q

Exam Review:
What bone is the cribriform plate & Crista galli located on? *
What lies anterior or posterior to each other?

A

ethmoid bone
Crista galli located anterior to cribriform plate
“Crista galli also known as rooster comb”

42
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the zygomatic process located?

A

anteriorly from the squamous portion of the temporal bone *
(goes on to form a part of the palpable zygomatic arch)
pg 390

43
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the supraorbital margin located? (SOM)

A

superior rim of each orbit

44
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the supraorbital notch located?
What do they also refer to this as?

A

small hole within the SOM (supraorbital margin)
“foramen”

45
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Caldwell projection?

A

CR is exiting the nasion
(15 caudad/ 30 caudad exaggerated)

46
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Townes projection?

A

CR enters 2 1/2 inches above the Gabella
through the foramen magnum
exiting at the base of the occipital bone

47
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the CR entering or exiting in the exaggerated Caldwell projection?

A

CR is exiting the nasion
30 caudad

48
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Haas projection?

A

CR exits 1 1/2 inches superior to nasion
Enters 1 1/2 below inion
25 degrees cephalic

49
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the Maxillary sinus located?

A

2 maxillary sinuses in both maxillae
(only sinus that correlates to facial bones)

50
Q

Exam:
What views are for cranium?

A

PA skull
Lateral skull
Caldwell + exaggerated Caldwell
Townes or Haas *

51
Q

Exam:
What views are for facial bones/sinuses?

A

Lateral facial bones
Waters
Caldwell

52
Q

Exam review:
How do sinus and cranium views differ?

A

no angle for sinus views (we want to see air fluid levels)
(sinus doesn’t need full skull, cranium doesn’t need mandible)

53
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the ethmoid sinus located?

A

lateral masses of the ethmoid bone
(anterior, middle, and posterior portions)

54
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the sphenoid sinus located?

A

body of Sphenoid bone, inferior to sellae turcica

55
Q

Exam Review:
Where is the frontal sinus located?

A

Frontal bone
(posterior to Gabella, rarely symmetric & mostly separated by a septum)

56
Q

Exam Review:
If we are shooting an AP axial (Townes) and in the picture the dorsum sellae is below the foramen magnum but the anterior arch of C1 is visible in the foramen. What error has taken place?

A

too much caudad angle
(almost becoming a tangential)
(dorsum sellae is supposed to be inside the foramen magnum, angling less will place it inside)

57
Q

Exam Review:
Should the orbital grooves be superimposed in the PA projection of the skull?

A

No
Only superimposed in a right lateral cranium

58
Q

Exam Review:
How many junctions are there?

A

6 junctions

59
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the anterior junction?

A

(1) bregma junction

60
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the lateral junctions?

A

(2) Pterion junctions (L & R)

61
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the lateral posterior junctions?

A

(2) asterion junctions (L & R)

62
Q

Exam Review:
How many total sutures are there?

A

5 sutures

63
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the posterior junctions?

A

(1) lambda junction

64
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the lateral sutures?

A

squamous suture

65
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the anterior suture?

A

coronal suture

66
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the posterior suture?

A

lambdoidal suture

67
Q

Exam review:
What is the name of the suture that goes down the midline of the cranium?

A

sagittal suture

68
Q

Exam Review:
What is best displayed in a Caldwell?
What is the name & difference with the alternative view?
Why would we want to shoot an alternative view?

A

petrous pyramids in lower 1/3 (15), or below the IOML in exaggerated (30)
Exaggerated Caldwell (15 to 30 caudad) places petrous pyramids completely out of orbit
to see the whole orbit

69
Q

Exam Review:
What is best show in a Water’s projection?
What is the alternative view and when do we use this?

A

Open mouth (transoral) Water’s to show the sphenoid sinus (which shows the last and all 4 sinuses)

70
Q

Exam Review:
What is best shown in a Haas?
What is best shown in a Townes?

A

Haas & Townes: best shows dorsum sellae in the shadow of the foramen magnum, & occipital bone, petrous pyramids
(Haas enlarges the occipital bone, Townes enlarges the orbits)

71
Q

Exam Review:
What does the Haas do the x-ray?
What does the Townes do to the x-ray?

A

enlarge the occipital bone
enlarge the orbits

72
Q

Exam Review:
What does a lateral skull best show?

A
73
Q

Exam review:
Which sinus is not seen due to superimposition?
What projections free this sinus of superimposition?

A

Sphenoid
(superimposed by ethmoid
lateral ***
Right lateral sinus
Waters open mouth

74
Q

Exam Review:
For the parietoacanthial projection, where does the CR exit?

A

Acanthion
(hint the name parietoacanthion)

75
Q

Exam review:
For a modified parietoacanthial projection how many degrees does it place the OML to the IR?

A

55 degrees
(37 for regular waters)

76
Q

Exam Review:
What is the normal Mayo protocol for Skull?

A

R lateral
Caldwell
Townes or Haas (Haas preferred)

77
Q

Exam Review:
What is the normal Mayo Protocol for sinuses?

A

R lateral facial bone +
Waters *

78
Q

Exam Review:
What is the tragus?

A

external structure that acts as a shield to ear opening located anterior to EAM

79
Q

Exam Review:
What is the name of the two part articulation between the skull and the atlas?

A

atlanto-occipital joint

80
Q

Exam:
What are the two lateral oval convex processes located on each side of the ______?

A

Foramen magnum
A: Occipital condyles

81
Q

Exam:
What is a tripod fracture?

A

a blow to the cheek resulting in a fx to the zygoma in 3 places

82
Q

Exam:
What is sphenoid effusion?

A

basal skull fx, results in blood of CSF leaking from fx into sphenoid sinus

83
Q

Exam:
What kind of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial
Bicondylar (plane or gliding)

84
Q

Exam:
What kind of joint is the

A
85
Q

Exam:
What kind of joint is the

A
86
Q

Exam:
What kind of joint is the

A
87
Q

Exam:
What are two terms for the small & irregular bones found in the adult skull sutures?

A

sutural or Wormian

88
Q

Exam:
What projection can cut some of the mandible?

A

Lateral skull

89
Q

Exam:
Which sinuses are best shown in a SMV projection?

A

sphenoid & ethmoid

90
Q

Exam:
What sinus do you see in the mouth fir the transoral parietoacathial projection?

A

sphenoid sinus (in the mouth)
(All 4 sinuses are shown)

91
Q

Exam:
What bones make up the orbit?

A
92
Q

Exam:
What are the facial bones?

A

2 maxillae
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 nasal bones
2 inferior nasal conchae
2 palatine
1 vomer
1 mandible

93
Q

Exam:

A
94
Q

Exam:

A

Donny Positioning semester 3 (5 decks)

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