Skull Chap 11 exam review Flashcards by Donovan Tompkins

Exam Review:
Where is the outer canthus located?

lateral junction of where the eyelids meet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
Where is the inner canthus located?

inner eyelids meet near the nose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
Where is the Gabella located?

smooth, raised triangle process superior to eyebrows & bridge of nose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam review:
Where is the nasion located?

at the junction of the two nasal bones & the frontal bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
Where is the acanthion located?

midline junction where the upper lip and nasal septum meet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is the thickest part of the cranium?

petrous portion of the temporal bone
pyramid shaped

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
Where is the densest part of the cranium?
What is the thinnest most vulnerable portion of the cranium?

Petrous portion of temporal bone (or ridge of the temporal bone)
Squamous portion of temporal bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
Where is the gonion located?

lower posterior “angle” of the mandible
“jawline”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What is the pinna?
What is it also referred to as?

large flap of ear made of cartilage
aka auricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is the CR for Caldwell?
What is the angle?
What line is to the IR?
What does this best show?

CR exits nasion
Caudad 15 (30 exaggerated)
OML perpendicular to IR
Criteria:
petrous pyramid located in lower 1/3 (15)
petrous pyramid located IOM showing full orbit (30)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is the difference between the lateral cranium and the lateral facial bones?
What is different in the anatomy?
What is the CR for both?

CR for Lat skull is 2 inches above EAM *
CR for Lat Facial is between outer canthus & RAM
Lat skull you can cut off the mandible *
Lateral sinus can cut off the posterior skull
(Positioning is RAO but cranium in lateral)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is mesocephalic?

average shaped head shaped at an angle of 47 degrees
(75 to 80% of length)
‘‘normal skull”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is Brachycephalic?

wide skull, greater than 47 approximately 54 degrees
(width is 80% or more of length)
“fat head”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is dolichocephalic?

skinny skull, less than 47 degrees from parietal tubercles
width is less than 75% of length
“skinny head”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
How do the Caldwell, exaggerated Caldwell, and PA skull look compared to each other?

15 degree caudad Caldwell puts petrious ridge in bottom 1/3 of orbit *
exaggerated caldwell places petrious ridge completely out of the orbit *
PA skill has the petrious ridge completely in the orbit *

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What bone houses the hearing organs?

Temporal bone
(Mastoid portion)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What does the occipital bone articulate with?

6 bones:
2 parietals
2 temporals
1 sphenoid
1 atlas (C1)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What does the parietal articulate with?

5 cranial bones:
1 frontal
1 occipital
1 temporal
1 sphenoid
1 (opposite parietal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What does the temporal articulate with?

3 cranial bones:
1 parietal bone
1 occipital bone
1 sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What does the sphenoid articulate with?

all 7 of the cranial bones & 5 facial bones
acts as the anchor for the cranium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What does the ethmoid articulate with?

2 cranial bones & 11 facial bones
1 frontal bone
1 sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam:
What does the frontal bone articulate with?

4 cranial bones:
2 parietals (L & R)
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review:
What is GML?
What is OML?
What is IOML?
What is AML?
What is LML?
What is MML?
What’s the degree difference between OML and IOML?

gabellomeatal line (GML)
Orbitomeatal line (OML)
infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML)
lips-meatal line (LML)
mentomeatal line (MML)
7 degree difference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is GAL?
What is IPL?

Gabellaaveolar line
Interpupilary line

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exam Review: What line is parallel or perpendicular in the SMV projection?

IOML is parallel to IR GAL is perpendicular

Exam Review: How is the image receptor for the skull projections?

All are portrait except for lateral cranium

Exam Review: How many cranial bones are there? What are the names?

8 1 frontal bone 2 parietal bones 2 temporal bones 1 ethmoid 1 sphenoid 1 occipital

Exam Review: How does SMV differ physically on an x-ray? What line is parallel or perpendicular to the IR? What is the CR?

SMV: IOML parallel to IR, GAL perpendicular to IR CR 1 1/2 inches inferior to mandible condyles ** best shows floor view of cranium ands sphenoid and ethmoid sinus (sinuses, mandible, foramen magnum

Exam Review: How does Waters differ physically on an x-ray? What line is the IR? What is the CR? What is best shown? What is it also called?

Waters: MML perpendicular to IR CR exits acanthion best shows sinuses, nasal septum Parietoacanthial

Exam Review: How does Haas differ physically on an x-ray? What line is on the IR? What is the angle? What is the CR? What’s is best shown? What is magnified vs the Townes? Also called?

Haas: OML perpendicular to IR, CR exits 1 1/2 superior to nasion 25 cephalic best shows dorsum sellae in foramen magnum, Occipital bone is more magnified PA axial

Exam Review: What is another name for Waters? What is another name for Haas? What is another name for Townes?

parietoacanthial projection: Waters PA axial: Haas AP axial: Townes

Exam Review: What bones make up the orbit?

3 cranial bones & 4 facial bones C: frontal, sphenoid, & ethmoid F: Maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, palatine

Exam Review: What is the widest portion of the skull?

parietal tubercles (eminences)

Exam Review: What bone contains the sellae turcica? What organ lies in the sellae turcica?

Sphenoid bone Pituitary gland

Exam Review: Your patient comes to radiology for a study of the cranium and is unable to flex his head and neck to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial projection (Townes). What should the technologist do to compensate for this without causing distortion?

increase the angle by 7 degrees caudad to match the IOML (we don't switch to Haas because PA projection would enlarge the occipital bone)

Exam Review: Where is the pituitary gland?

in the sellae turcica of the sphenoid bone

Exam Review: Where is the supraorbital groove located? (SOG)

slight depression above eyebrow

Exam Review: Where is the infraorbital groove located?

Exam Review: Where is the Gabella located?

smooth raised prominence superior to bridge of nose (between eyebrows)

Exam Review: Where is the frontal tuberosity located?

Superior to SOG (large & rounded prominence)

Exam Review: What bone is the cribriform plate & Crista galli located on? * What lies anterior or posterior to each other?

ethmoid bone Crista galli located anterior to cribriform plate "Crista galli also known as rooster comb"

Exam Review: Where is the zygomatic process located?

anteriorly from the squamous portion of the temporal bone * (goes on to form a part of the palpable zygomatic arch) pg 390

Exam Review: Where is the supraorbital margin located? (SOM)

superior rim of each orbit

Exam Review: Where is the supraorbital notch located? What do they also refer to this as?

small hole within the SOM (supraorbital margin) "foramen"

Exam Review: Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Caldwell projection?

CR is exiting the nasion (15 caudad/ 30 caudad exaggerated)

Exam Review: Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Townes projection?

CR enters 2 1/2 inches above the Gabella through the foramen magnum exiting at the base of the occipital bone

Exam Review: Where is the CR entering or exiting in the exaggerated Caldwell projection?

CR is exiting the nasion 30 caudad

Exam Review: Where is the CR entering or exiting in the Haas projection?

CR exits 1 1/2 inches superior to nasion Enters 1 1/2 below inion 25 degrees cephalic

Exam Review: Where is the Maxillary sinus located?

2 maxillary sinuses in both maxillae (only sinus that correlates to facial bones)

Exam: What views are for cranium?

PA skull Lateral skull Caldwell + exaggerated Caldwell Townes or Haas *

Exam: What views are for facial bones/sinuses?

Lateral facial bones Waters Caldwell

Exam review: How do sinus and cranium views differ?

no angle for sinus views (we want to see air fluid levels) (sinus doesn't need full skull, cranium doesn't need mandible)

Exam Review: Where is the ethmoid sinus located?

lateral masses of the ethmoid bone (anterior, middle, and posterior portions)

Exam Review: Where is the sphenoid sinus located?

body of Sphenoid bone, inferior to sellae turcica

Exam Review: Where is the frontal sinus located?

Frontal bone (posterior to Gabella, rarely symmetric & mostly separated by a septum)

Exam Review: If we are shooting an AP axial (Townes) and in the picture the dorsum sellae is below the foramen magnum but the anterior arch of C1 is visible in the foramen. What error has taken place?

too much caudad angle (almost becoming a tangential) (dorsum sellae is supposed to be inside the foramen magnum, angling less will place it inside)

Exam Review: Should the orbital grooves be superimposed in the PA projection of the skull?

No Only superimposed in a right lateral cranium

Exam Review: How many junctions are there?

6 junctions

Exam Review: What is the name of the anterior junction?

(1) bregma junction

Exam Review: What is the name of the lateral junctions?

(2) Pterion junctions (L & R)

Exam Review: What is the name of the lateral posterior junctions?

(2) asterion junctions (L & R)

Exam Review: How many total sutures are there?

5 sutures

Exam Review: What is the name of the posterior junctions?

(1) lambda junction

Exam Review: What is the name of the lateral sutures?

squamous suture

Exam Review: What is the name of the anterior suture?

coronal suture

Exam Review: What is the name of the posterior suture?

lambdoidal suture

Exam review: What is the name of the suture that goes down the midline of the cranium?

sagittal suture

Exam Review: What is best displayed in a Caldwell? What is the name & difference with the alternative view? Why would we want to shoot an alternative view?

petrous pyramids in lower 1/3 (15), or below the IOML in exaggerated (30) Exaggerated Caldwell (15 to 30 caudad) places petrous pyramids completely out of orbit to see the whole orbit

Exam Review: What is best show in a Water's projection? What is the alternative view and when do we use this?

Open mouth (transoral) Water's to show the sphenoid sinus (which shows the last and all 4 sinuses)

Exam Review: What is best shown in a Haas? What is best shown in a Townes?

Haas & Townes: best shows dorsum sellae in the shadow of the foramen magnum, & occipital bone, petrous pyramids (Haas enlarges the occipital bone, Townes enlarges the orbits)

Exam Review: What does the Haas do the x-ray? What does the Townes do to the x-ray?

enlarge the occipital bone enlarge the orbits

Exam Review: What does a lateral skull best show?

Exam review: Which sinus is not seen due to superimposition? What projections free this sinus of superimposition?

Sphenoid (superimposed by ethmoid lateral *** Right lateral sinus Waters open mouth

Exam Review: For the parietoacanthial projection, where does the CR exit?

Acanthion (hint the name parietoacanthion)

Exam review: For a modified parietoacanthial projection how many degrees does it place the OML to the IR?

55 degrees (37 for regular waters)

Exam Review: What is the normal Mayo protocol for Skull?

R lateral Caldwell Townes or Haas (Haas preferred)

Exam Review: What is the normal Mayo Protocol for sinuses?

R lateral facial bone + Waters *

Exam Review: What is the tragus?

external structure that acts as a shield to ear opening located anterior to EAM

Exam Review: What is the name of the two part articulation between the skull and the atlas?

atlanto-occipital joint

Exam: What are the two lateral oval convex processes located on each side of the ______?

Foramen magnum A: Occipital condyles

Exam: What is a tripod fracture?

a blow to the cheek resulting in a fx to the zygoma in 3 places

Exam: What is sphenoid effusion?

basal skull fx, results in blood of CSF leaking from fx into sphenoid sinus

Exam: What kind of joint is the TMJ?

Synovial Bicondylar (plane or gliding)

Exam: What kind of joint is the

Exam: What are two terms for the small & irregular bones found in the adult skull sutures?

sutural or Wormian

Exam: What projection can cut some of the mandible?

Lateral skull

Exam: Which sinuses are best shown in a SMV projection?

sphenoid & ethmoid

Exam: What sinus do you see in the mouth fir the transoral parietoacathial projection?

sphenoid sinus (in the mouth) (All 4 sinuses are shown)

Exam: What bones make up the orbit?

Exam: What are the facial bones?

2 maxillae 2 zygomatic 2 lacrimal 2 nasal bones 2 inferior nasal conchae 2 palatine 1 vomer 1 mandible

Exam: