Skinner

Question 1

State the three differences of Skinner’s to theory to other theories

Answer 1

1. He made no reference to internal, subjective states to account for behavior.
2. His choice of experimental subject.
3. His therapeutic technique

Question 2

Two kinds of behavior

Answer 2

1. Respondent behavior
2. Operant behavior

Question 3

What is respondent behavior?

Answer 3

A response made to or elicited by a specific stimulus

Question 4

A response made to or elicited by a specific stimulus

Answer 4

Respondent behavior

Question 5

Behavior is emitted spontaneously or voluntarily that operates on the environment to change it.

Answer 5

Operant Behavior

Question 6

What is operant behavior?

Answer 6

Behavior is emitted spontaneously or voluntarily that operates on the environment to change it.

Question 7

A method of sharing pperantbbehvaior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior

Answer 7

Successive approximation: The shaping of behavior

Question 8

A form of therapy that applies the principles of reinforcement to bring about desired behavioral changes

Answer 8

Behavior modification

Question 9

After a specific number of responses, the response is reinforced.

Answer 9

Fixed-ratio schedules

Question 10

Determine what example of schedules of reinforcement:
A rat only gets food pellets after pressing the lever energy three times

Answer 10

Fixed-ratio schedules

Question 11

Determine what example of schedules of reinforcement:
A reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 11

Variable-ratio schedules

Question 12

Determine what example of schedules of reinforcement:
A rat presses the lever several times, but a pellet of food is administered at random and is not based on any sort of fixed schedule.

Answer 12

Fixed-interval ratio schedules

Question 13

Determine what example of schedules of reinforcement:
If a rat presses the lever within a time frame of thirty seconds, it will be given one food pellet. It does not matter how many times the rat presses the lever, because only one pellet will be given during that time frame.

Answer 13

Fixed-interval ratio schedules

Question 14

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time.

Answer 14

Variable interval ratio

Question 15

Determine what example of schedules of reinforcement:
the rat may be rewarded a pellet every fifteen seconds, and
then every ve seconds, and then every forty-ve seconds, etc.

Answer 15

Variable interval ratio

Question 16

The behavior that results from accidental reinforcement of an action so that the organism continues to repeat it

Answer 16

Superstitious behavior

Question 17

The ability to exert control over the variables that determine our behavior

Answer 17

The self-control of behavior

Question 18

What are the self control techniques

Answer 18

Stimulus avoidance
Self-administered satiation
Aversive stimulation technique
Self-reinforcement

Question 19

True or false:
Skinner did not deny the existence of internal forces, only their usefulness for science

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or false:
Skinner’s interest was in behavioral responses to stimuli not in childhood experiences or adult feelings

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Skinner chose experimental subject. The research for his behavioral approach used ____ and ____.

Answer 21

Rats and pigeons

Question 22

Skinner admitted that human behavior is more complex than animal behavior but suggested that the differences are in ____ not in ____

Answer 22

Degree; kind

Question 23

Skinner’s approach to behavior is based on

Answer 23

Thousands of hours of well-controlled research

Question 24

True or false
His fundamental idea is that behavior cannot be controlled.

Question 25

It involves the substitution of one stimulus for another

Answer 25

Conditioning

Question 26

The act of strengthening a response by adding a reward, thus increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Answer 26

Reinforcement

Question 27

What is reinforcement?

Answer 27

The act of strengthening a response by adding a reward, thus increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Question 28

The process of eliminating a behavior by withholding reinforcement

Answer 28

Extinction

Question 29

What is extinction?

Answer 29

The process of eliminating a behavior by withholding reinforcement

Question 30

The ability to exert control over the variables that determine our behavior

Answer 30

Self control

Question 31

By avoiding a person or situation that makes you angry, you reduce the control that person or situation has over your behavior

Answer 31

Stimulus avoidance

Question 32

We exert control to cure our selves of bad habits by overdoing the behavior

Answer 32

Self-administered satiation

Question 33

Technique of self-control involves and pleasant or repugnant consequences

Answer 33

Aversive stimulation

Question 34

Read a word ourselves for displaying good or desirable behaviors

Answer 34

Self reinforcement

Question 35

A behavior modification technique in which tokens which can be exchanged for valued objects or privileges are awarded for desirable behavior

Answer 35

Token economy

Question 36

Application of an aversive stimulus following a response in an effort to decrease the likelihood that the response will record

Question 37

The strengthening of a response by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Answer 37

Negative reinforcement

Question 38

The environment changes as a consequence of the behavior; in this case, the noxious stimulus will disappear

Answer 38

Positive reinforcement