skin structure Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer

stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

layers of skin at 16 weeks

A
keratin layer
granular layer
prickle cell layer
basal layer
dermis
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3
Q

what is the developmental growth pattern of skin

A

blaschko’s lines

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4
Q

what does skin consist of (layers)

A

epidermis
dermis
dermis is thicker

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5
Q

whats different about skin in the armpit

A

additional glands

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6
Q

differentiation

A

keratinocytes migrate from basement membrane

continuous regeneration

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7
Q

prickle cell layer

A

larger polyhedral cells

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8
Q

desmosomes

A

cell contact

allow cells to move about

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9
Q

if you dont have the filaggrin protein what happens

A

skin gets very dry

-excema

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10
Q

what cells in keratin layer

A

corneocytes

lamellar granules release lipid

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11
Q

what are the mucosal membranes

A

oral mucosa

ocular mucosa

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12
Q

name some epidermal cells

A

melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cells

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13
Q

what are melanocytes

A

pigment producing dendritic cells

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14
Q

whats loss of pigment called

A

vitiligo

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15
Q

merkel cells

A

basal
between keratinocytes and nerve fibres
mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

whats merkel cell cancer caused by

A

viral infection

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17
Q

phases of hair follicle growth

A

anagen - growing
catagen - involuting
telogen - resting

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18
Q

dermo-epidermal junction

A

interface between epidermis and dermis

key role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

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19
Q

role of dermo-epidermal junction

A

support, anchorage, adhesion, growth and differentiation of basal cells
semi-permeable membrane acting as barrier and filter

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20
Q

what can happen when this junction goes wrong

A

bullous pemphigoid

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21
Q

what is dermis derived form

22
Q

what cells are in the dermis

A

mainly fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, langerhans cells

23
Q

what fibres are in dermis

A

collagen and elastin

24
Q

what is the function of blood vessels in the dermis

A

supply greater then metabolic needs

vessel walls well supported

25
flow of the blood vessels in dermis
arteriole - precapillary sphincters - arterial - venous capillaries - post-capillary venules - collecting venules
26
immune functions of lymphatic vessels in dermis
immune surveillance by circulating lymphocytes and langerhans cells channelling of micro-organisms/toxins
27
what nerves are in the dermis
``` somatic sensory -free nerve endings -special receptors (pacinian and meissners) automatic nerve supply -blood vessels, nerves and glands ```
28
pacinian
pressure nerve receptors
29
meissners
vibration nerve receptors
30
what is the pilosebaceous unit composed of
hair follicle hair shaft arrector pili muscle sebaceous glands
31
three segments of hair follicle
infundibulum isthmus hair bulb
32
what are the three types of skin gland
sebaceous apocrine eccrine
33
sebaceous glands
holocrine secretion opening into pilary canal face chest back when you hit puberty produce sebum control moisture loss and protection from fungal infection
34
apocrine sweat glands
develop as part of pilosbaceous unit | axillae, groin, eyelids, ears, mammary and perineal regions
35
eccrine sweat glands
whole skin surface | sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply
36
what absorbs UV rays to protect DNA?
melanin
37
what are the main functions of the skin
``` barrier metabolism and detoxification thermoregulation immune defence communication sensory functions ```
38
where do splits cause blistering
dermo-epidermal junction
39
what different tissue groups are found in the skin?
``` epithelium nervous tissue connective tissue glands muscle hair adipose tissue ```
40
Found over the whole body except the lips & genitals. | Coiled tubular structures which regulate heat and salt loss. What are these glands?
eccrine glands
41
Limited to axillae/nipple/genitals. | Develop at puberty and open into hair follicles. What are these glands?
apocrine glands
42
structure of a nail
nail plate matrix cuticle hyponychium
43
stage 1 of wound healing
inflammation Platelets form the initial clot and release inflammatory mediators. Leucocytes debride the wound bed by phagocytosing bacteria and scavenging cellular debris. Inflammation gradually decreases as keratinocyte proliferation and new tissue formation becomes predominant.
44
stage 2 of wound healing
cells divide to re-epithelialise the wound surface. granulation tissue formation is stimulated fibroblasts lay down matrix, and contract the wound endothelial cells develop into new blood vessels
45
stage 3 of wound healing
tissue remodelling -new tissue is converted into mature scar tissue over a period of months. fibroblasts lay down collagen to improve the tensile strength of the scar and restore the normal dermal matrix
46
what is a surface slough
a mixture of dead cells, polymorphs and bacteria
47
what is stage 1 of pressure sore development
Skin is unbroken but shows a pink or reddened area .May look like a mild sunburn. Skin may be tender, itchy or painful
48
what is stage 2 of pressure sore development
Skin is red, swollen and painful. Blisters that may be broken or intact may be present. Upper layers of skin begin to die
49
stage 3 of pressure sore development
Sore has broken through the skin and wound extends down to deeper layers of skin tissue. Crater-like ulcers are present. Wound is prone to infection
50
stage 4 of pressure sore development
Sore extends past the skin and into fat, muscle and bone tissue . Blackened dead tissue called eschar may be seen in deep opened wounds