Skin Pathologies Flashcards

Question

Acute Bacterial Infections: 2. Cellulitis

Answer 1

Deep inflammatory condition affecting the superficial to subcutaneous skin layers Caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal infection Usually affects the face or the limbs, especially the legs, where there is lymphedema or a break in the skin integrity such as an ulcer or wound Painful, with diffuse swelling and redness observed over the infected part. Medical attention is required as soon as possible. Massage is safe to perform once the condition has resolved, be aware recurring outbreak

Answer 2

1. Ringworm & Athlete's Foot 2. Candidiasis

Answer 3

- Fungus grow in a warm, moist environment - Infected ring-like patches of skin are itchy and flaky, affecting multiple areas of the body - Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) is the most common: + Prevention includes wearing cotton socks and changing them frequently, keeping the feet dry, wearing well ventilated shoes and avoiding walking barefoot in public places - Tinea corporis (ringworm of the body) affects the chest, back, shoulders, neck, arms or legs + Often affects children from pets + Multiple lesions are observed that are fairly similar in size. They vary from pustules to scaly patches - Tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp) + affects primarily children, boys 5x more often than girls + pink, scaly patches on the scalp and some local hair loss

Answer 4

- Common fungal infection caused by a yeast (candida albicans) - Normally resides in the GI tract, genital tract, mouth, esophagus and throat - Cutaneous candidiasis affects the skin - Candidal paronychia: painful, red swollen skin around nail bed. If condition chronic, nails thicken and harden - Candidal intertrigo: red eroded patches, scaly pustular lesions with an undefined border of satellite papules. Often areas of large skin folds are affected - Oral candidiasis (thrush) affects oropharyngeal cavity. White flakes, described as looking like cottage cheese, appear over red and inflamed buccal membrane, tongue, gingiva, palate and pharynx. Over time, erosions or ulcers may develop Massage is locally CI’d

Answer 5

Result of mite infestation Contagious condition which can be transmitted through prolonged direct contact with an infected person but may also be transmitted through contact with clothing, linens or towels Intense itching is a classic symptom of a scabies infestation Massage completely CI’d If contact occurs before medical diagnosis, the therapist should seek treatment. Linens and towels should be washed in hot water and dried on a hot cycle to effectively kill any mites

Answer 6

A malignant neoplasm is a new, abnormal formation of tissue that grows at the expense of the healthy organism A premalignant neoplasm has not yet become malignant, however has the potential for malignancy 1. Actinic Keratosis 2. Basal Cell Carcinoma 3. Malignant Melanoma 4. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 7

Plaque, scale or papule occurring as a result of chronic sun exposure. Are found on the face, scalp and backs of the hands Common in fair skinned people Removed by cryosurgery Massage is not generally contraindicated. However, techniques which rub or torque the skin, such as frictions or fascial spreading, are avoided directly over the lesion

Answer 8

Often found in sun exposed areas such as the face Most commonly in men aged 40-80 Nodular basal cell carcinoma waxy, translucent papule has a central ulceration and a raised border. Other forms of basal cell carcinomas are in ulcerus forms; hyperpigmentation or erythema may be present Massage locally CI’d

Answer 9

Proliferation of melanocytes 3% of all cancers, and increase at a fast rate affect fair skinned persons more frequently than darker skinned people Different types Superficial spreading Lentigo maligna Nodular If a melanoma is medically diagnosed, massage is locally contraindicated and maybe generally contraindicated

Answer 10

Tumour of malignant keratinocytes The most common skin cancer in Black persons; it is often found in non-sun-exposed areas of the body In white persons, squamous cell carcinoma is often found in sun-exposed areas, or may develop from actinic keratosis If a carcinoma is medically diagnosed, massage is locally contraindicated and maybe generally contraindicated

Answer 11

New proliferations of cells that are not life-threatening *Massage not CI’d, however some require technique modifications 1. Venous Lake 2. Cherry Angioma 3. Dermatofibroma 4. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst 5. Hemangioma 6. Lipoma 7. Nevus (Mole) 8. Seborrheic Keratosis 9. Skin Tags 10. Solar Lentigo

Answer 12

Dark blue, soft, compressible area of dilated capillaries on the lips, face and ears of elderly people Either may be removed by laser or cauterization

Answer 13

Superficial capillary proliferation, usually affecting middle-aged to elderly people Either may be removed by laser or cauterization

Answer 14

Benign proliferation of fibroblasts Firm, discrete papules or nodules me not tender Darker-skinned people they are hyperpigmented Lighter skinned people they are reddish Usually found on the legs but may appear elsewhere. Idiopathic, may also result from trauma or insect bites

Answer 15

Raised nodules filled with odiferous white material, often a central pore is visible May become inflamed Avoid frictions or fascial spreading over top

Answer 16

superficial proliferation of blood vessels, or telangiectasis 1. Nevus Flammus (port-wine stain): red to purple macule or papule on the face or head; it is present at birth and usually resolves by five years of age 2. Salmon Patches (Stork bite): red macules, usually on the back of the neck; they occur in up to 10% of fair skinned infants usually disappear by puberty 3. Capillary hemangiomas (strawberry marks): telangiectatic macules that may develop into soft nodules or tumours develop in the first few days or months of life and usually resolve by puberty

Answer 17

a benign proliferation of fatty tissue below the dermis and epidermis mobile, soft, slightly compressible tumours are from one to several centimetres in size Often occur in 40+ yr olds around the back, shoulders, arms and legs

Answer 18

1. Melanocytic nevus - macule of melanocytes, or dark pigmentation cells, that occurs in childhood 2. Congenital nevus - present at birth; it may extend down into the subcutaneous fat 3. Nevus of Ota - affects the dermal layer of the face in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve; primarily affecting Asian and Black persons 4. Junctional nevus - macule of melanocytes in the junction of the epidermis lind the deeper dermis. 5. Compound nevus is a papule of melanocytes that extends deeper than the junction, into the dermis itself. 6. Dermal nevus - papulp that occurs only in the dermis and it lacks melanocytes 7. Dysplastic nevi : * irregulary shaped, pigmented macules with raised areas. * >1 cm diameter than most nevi * Pigmentation may be brown, tan, red-pink or sometimes black * Atypical, isolated lesions have a low risk of developing melanoma 8. Halo nevus: * pigmented nevus with a surrounding lighter coloured halo * common and benign in adolescents, in adults they may indicate melanoma or skin cancer Both usually removed for risk of cancer

Answer 19

Benign proliferation of keratinocytes (cells that produce the tough protein keratin) Pigmented, scaly plaque with well-defined borders; the raised lesion appears stuck on the skin Range up to 2 centimetres in size, occasionally larger. Commonly found on the trunk, arms and face Most common in those over 50 years of age

Answer 20

Outgrowth of normal skin May have darker pigmentation than the surrounding skin Forms a papule or nodule on a narrow stalk, often in areas of friction such as the axilla May be numerous skin tags in one area

Answer 21

Commonly called liver or age spots Benign proliferations of normal melanocytes as a result of chronic sun exposure and damage Have darker pigmentation that is even throughout Found in areas of chronic sun exposure, such as the hands, face and shoulders

Answer 22

1. Acne 2. Dermatitis and Eczema 3. Contact & Allergic Contact Dermatitis 4. Atopic Dermatitis 5. Hand and Foot Eczema 6. Venous (Stasis) Eczema 7. Xerotic Eczema 8. Psoriasis Vulgaris

Answer 23

Disorder of the sebaceous gland Overproduction of oil may block the hair follicle allowing bacteria to multiply and cause inflammation Black heads, white heads, pustules and cysts may be present; scarring may occur Acne vulgaris occurs during puberty Acne conglobata is chronic and occurs later in life. Acne rosacea exhibits erythema, usually on the face, and occurs in middle-aged adults Avoid massaging local lesions if likely to rupture and spread bacteria

Answer 24

Dermatitis: general term used to describe a wide variety of non-contagious, inflammatory skin disorders Itchy, red, scaly and inflamed skin Acute and severe: edema, vesicles and bullae Subacute: scaling plaques Chronic: lichenification, scales and changes in pigmentation Massage avoided locally only if open and oozing lesions Avoid the use any oils/lotions or fragrances that could aggravate (ask the client)

Answer 25

From direct contact with an irritating substance Primary irritant contact dermatitis: toxic agent causing injury through skin contact Allergic contact dermatitis: delayed hypersensitivity reaction because of an allergy to the substance or agent Massage is CI’d over areas affected by contact and allergic dermatitis, specifically, open lesions, blisters or if it is uncomfortable for the client Substances irritating for that client are avoided

Answer 26

Chronic form of dermatitis in those people with familial predisposition to dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma Likely due to a combination of immunological response, epidermal dysfunction and genetic susceptibility Lesions are very itchy Cutaneous hypersensitivity, chronic redness, scaling, skin eruptions, plaques and papules are present Massage locally CI’d if open lesions or uncomfortable to client

Answer 27

Chronic, often pruritic, inflammatory skin disorder ranging from an acute to chronic presentation Redness, vesicles, papules and plaques are present People affected are those with their hands frequently immersed in water Usually, the palms of the hands including the sides of the fingers or the soles of the feet are symmetrically affected Massage locally CI’d if open lesions or uncomfortable to client

Answer 28

Women are more often affected and persons 50+ years of age Affects the lower limbs of people with chronic venous stasis 1. Early stage: hyperpigmentation, sensations of itchiness, aching or burning Red, scaly and itchy patches become vesicular and crusty due to scratching Calf edema 2. Chronic: thickened brownish-red plaques over dystrophic skin generally asymptomatic, but acute flare-ups occur - Lymphatic Massage proximal to affected area if no ulcerations or infections

Answer 29

An inflammatory disorder of severely dry skin, with plaques, scales, redness and fissures into the skin Legs, hands and arms are often affected Common disorder of dry skin may be caused by a decrease in surface skin lipids Nummular eczema: coin-shaped, extremely itchy xerotic lesions Massage locally CI’d if open lesions or uncomfortable to client

Answer 30

An inherited, chronic, hyper proliferating, scaling, inflammatory condition affecting the skin and occasionally the mucous membranes Lesions are well demarcated red papules and plaques with silver-white scales May involve only a few coin-sized lesions or extensive, thick lesions covering much of the body Exacerbation and remission cycle Massage locally CI’d if open lesions or uncomfortable to client

Answer 31

1. Vitiligo 2. Post-inflammatory Hyperpigmentation

Answer 32

An acquired skin depigmentation condition affecting 1% of population, usually slow and progressive Well-defined depigmented macules of varying size usually on the face and on the skin surrounding joints, such as the hands and knees Massage needs no modification

Answer 33

Overproduction of melanin granules as a result of the inflammatory process More common and severe in darker skinned people Causes: trauma (cuts, burns), acne, eczema and a response to certain medications. Phytophotodermatitis (exposure to sunlight after exposure of the skin to certain plant juices or essential oils) Dark macules occur either in the epidermis (a brownish colour) or the dermis (a bluish or greyish colour)