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Endocrine System > Skin Path > Flashcards

Skin Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average weight of the skin?

A

6 pounds

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2
Q

What is the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Enveloping the body
  2. Protection against injury.
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Waterproofing
  5. Fluid conservation
  6. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation.
    7.Production of vitamin D
  7. Acts as a barrier to pathogenic organisms
  8. Functions in the detection of sensory stimuli
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3
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The epidermis of the skin is derived from _________ ( embryologic origin) while the dermis is derived from ____________ (embryological origin)

A

Epidermis - Ectoderm

Dermis- Mesoderm

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4
Q

What are the two types of Skin?

A

◦ Glabrous
◦ Hairy

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5
Q

True or False? Glabrous skin has a thin keratin layer and is found on the palms and soles.

A

FALSE!! Glabrous skin has a THICK keratin layer and is found on the palms and soles.

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6
Q

What are the main structures that arises from the epidermis of the skin?

A

Pilosebaceous follicle
The eccrine & apocrine sweat glands.

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7
Q

What are the types of cells found in the Epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhans cell
  • Merkel cell
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8
Q

Which is the main cell types found in the epidermis?

A

Keratonicytes (80% epidermal cells)

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9
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains purple keratinohyaline granules?

A

Granular Layer

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10
Q

Which layer of the skin has spiny processes that separate keratinocytes?

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

What are the different layers of the epidermis?

A

Basal layer
Stratum spinosum
Granular layer
Stratum lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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12
Q

Which layer of the skin is known as the ‘Germinative layer ‘of the epidermis?

A

Basal layer

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13
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Cells in the prickle layer of the epidermis are connected by the _______.”

A

Desmosome filament system.

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14
Q

True or False ? In the Stratum corneum cells contain keratohyaline and membrane coating granules.

A

FALSE!! This is in the Granular layer

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15
Q

How long is the epidermal transit time or turnover time?

A

28 days

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16
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Further maturation of Keratonicytes leads to loss of nuclei and flattening of the cellular outline to form _____ .”

A

Squames in the stratum corneum.

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17
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Dendritic cells?

A

Neural crest cells

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18
Q

Dendritic cells are found in which layer of the epidermis?

A

The basal layer

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19
Q

What is the ratio of Melanocytes to basal cells in the cheek?

A

1:4

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20
Q

What is the ratio of Melanocytes to basal cells in the lower back ?

A

1:20

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21
Q

What increases the number of melanocytes relative to keratinocytes?

A

Chronic sun exposure

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22
Q

True or False? The numbers of melanocytes are the same in fair and dark skin.

A

TRUE!!

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23
Q

What determines the skin colour in an individual ?

A

The quantity of melanin produced.

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24
Q

True or False? The size of the melanosomes is genetically determined and is typically smaller in black skin.

A

FALSE!! They are typically LARGER in black skin.

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25
Q

What are the different types of Melanin?

A

Eumelanin
Pheomelanin
Neuromelanin

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26
Q

Which type of melanin is red-brown in colour and is largely responsible for red-hair and freckles?

A

Pheomelanin

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27
Q

What is the most common type of melanin and is producesd in black or brown people?

A

Eumelanin

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28
Q

Where is the main source of Neuromelanin?

A

In the brain duhhh

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29
Q

True or False? Langherman’s cells are ONLY found in the epidermis?

A

FALSE!! It is found in the in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis and also in the DERMIS.

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30
Q

Fill in the blanks.” __________ are dendritic cells that is also a bone-marrow derived immunocompetent cells.”

A

Langerhans’ cells

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31
Q

What is the main function of Langerhan’s cells?

A

Provides a trap for contact antigens and presents them to T cells.

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32
Q

Which cell found in the epidermis is associated with intra- epidermal nerve endings?

A

Merkel cells

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33
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A
  • In mammals , present in the basal layer of the epidermis, particularly on palms and soles.
  • Merkel cells are also found within the dermis in association with Schwann cells of peripheral nerve endings.
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34
Q

What is the name of the clusters of Merkel cells?

A

Merkel corpuscles

35
Q

What is the function of Merkel corpuscles?

A

They serve as mechanoreceptors and are involved in the function of touch.

36
Q

True or False? The basement membrane of the skin looks the same on light and electron microscopy.

A

FALSE!! The basement membrane on light microscopy appears homogenous but on electron microscopy this is not the case.

37
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ___________ attach the basal layer keratinocytes to the area just below which is called the ________.”

A

HEMIDESMOSOMES attach …….. area below which is called the LAMINA LUCIDA (clear zone).

38
Q

What is the name of the electron -dense zone of the basement membrane?

A

Lamina densa.

39
Q

What are the epidermal appendages?

A
  • Apocrine sweat glands
  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Nails
40
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine & Eccrine

41
Q

Which sweat gland in animals is responsible for scent production?

A

Apocrine Sweat glands

  • that’s why you have green arm ( axillary)
42
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Apocrine sweat glands are found predominantly in the _____ & ______ areas?

A

Anogenital and Axillary

A for apocrine , A for Anogenital and Axillary

43
Q

What is the name given to the secretion produced by Apocrine cells and how is it produced?

A

Decapitation secretion- This occurs when Columnar cells form the secretion by the breaking off of the tops of the cells. ( decapitation)

44
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Apocrine sweat glands develop as _______ while Eccrine sweat glands develops as _________.”

A

Apocrine - outgrowths of the hair follicle.

Eccrine - a special downgrowth of the epidermis.

“A goes out while E goes down”

45
Q

What gives the secretions from Apocrine sweat gland an odour?

A

The breakdown products of cutaneous bacteria.

46
Q

Where are Eccrine sweat glands NOT found?

A

Mucous membranes

47
Q

What structure of the Eccrine sweat gland modifies the secretion especially the reabsorption of water?

A

The duct

48
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Eccrine glands are influenced by ______ and thought to be _____ in function.”

A

Influenced by EMOTIONS ( E for Eccrine - E for Emotions)
and thought to be THERMOREGULATORY in function .

49
Q

What is the function of the eccrine sweat glands under the control of?

A

Cholinergic & sympathetic nerve fibres.

50
Q

Fill in the blanks.”Thermoregulatory sweating is under the influence of the ______.”

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Mental sweating is under the influence of the ______.”

A

Limbic system

52
Q

Which glands develop as lateral protrusions of the hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous Glands

53
Q

True or False? Sebaceous glands are largely inactive before puberty but enlarge and become active at puberty.

A

TRUE!!

54
Q

Where are Sebaceous glands NOT found?

A

Palms and Soles

55
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Sebaceous glands are more numerous on the _____,______,______ & _____.”

A

Face, scalp, midline of the back and perineum.

56
Q

True or False? Eccrine sweat glands are described as holocrine because there is complete degeneration of its acini during secretion.

A

FALSE!! Sebaceous glands do this.

57
Q

The control of sebaceous glands are under the control of ?

A

Androgens

58
Q

True or False? Males have larger sebaceous glands than females.

A

TRUE!!

59
Q

What are the functions of Sebum?

A

◦ Waterproofing
◦ Control of epidermal water loss
◦ Inhibiting the growth of fungi and bacteria.

60
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The hair follicle consists of _____.”

A

Hair shaft
Surrounded by a DOWN growth of epidermal cells into the DERMIS.

61
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The hair follicle is Supplied with blood vessels by an invagination of dermis known as the ______.”

A

Hair papilla

62
Q

Which glands can be found in or near the hair follicle?

A

Sebaceous glands and Apocrine glands

63
Q

What are the three phases hair growth?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

64
Q

Which hair growth phase is known as the resting phase and is usually for 3 months?

A

Telogen

Telo = tired, so she rest

65
Q

In which hair growth phase is there active hair growth taking place and the duration is normally 3-5 years?

A

Anagen

Ana = active = so she grow 3-5 years

66
Q

Which hair growth phase is the slowing down phase and lasts for approximately 2 weeks?

A

Catagen

Cata= Cyah go no more , so she slow down for 2 weeks

67
Q

Which hair growth phase is also known as the phase of involution?

A

Catagen

68
Q

What is the major hair growth phase that scalp hair is normally in ?

A

Anagen

69
Q

What is the name of the hair covering the body of children?

A

Vellus hair.

70
Q

Terminal hair is found where?

A

On the scalp, eyebrows and eyelash.

71
Q

What are the characteristics of Terminal hair?

A
  • Thicker than villus hair
  • Has a medulla
    *More pigmented than villus hair
72
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The nail or nail plate grows out from the ________and rests on the underlying nail bed.

A

Nail Matrix

73
Q

What is the name given to the pale crescent-shaped area at the proximal end of the nail ?

A

The lunula

74
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The lunula is the ______ portion of the NAIL MATRIX.”

A

Distal portion

75
Q

True or False? The Hyponychium is the cuticle.

A

FALSE!! EPONYCHIUM = cuticle

76
Q

What is the Hyponychium?

A

Thickened epidermis underneath the free distal end of the nail

77
Q

What is the duration for fingernail growth ?

A

6 months

78
Q

What is the duration for toenail growth?

A

6 – 18 months or longer.

79
Q

What are the two layers of the Dermis?

A

Papillary dermis (outer /upper layer)
Reticular dermis ( deep layer)

80
Q

What are the components of the Dermis?

A
  • Fibrous component (collagen & elastin)
  • Ground substances - proteoglycans.
  • Epidermal appendages
  • Vasculature
    *Lymphatics
    *Nerves
  • Smooth + Striated muscle
81
Q

What are the cellular components in the dermis?

A
  • Fibroblasts —> collagen & elastin
  • Macrophage—-> general scavenger.
  • Mast cell——> important in Type 1 immunological reactions.
82
Q

What is the name of the structure that divides fat into lobules?

A

Fibrous septa

83
Q

What is the function subcutaneous fat?

A

◦ Thermoregulation
◦ As a nutritional store.

Endocrine System (10 decks)

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