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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure forms the floor and the lower parts of lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle?

A

The hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the average weight of the Hypothalamus?

A

4g

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3
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located?

A

It is lies between the optic chiasma & posterior perforated substance.

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4
Q

What is the size of the Pituitary gland?

A

0.5 grams

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5
Q

What is the name of the small bony cavity in which the pituitary gland is found?

A

Sella Turcia

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6
Q

What is the name given to the covering of the Pituitary glands?

A

Diaphragma sellae - it is a dural fold

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7
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The pituitary gland is functionally connected to hypothalamus by ________ via a small tube called ___________.”

A
  • Functionally connected to hypothalamus by Median Eminence.
  • Via a small tube called Infundibulum system ( pituitary stalk)
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8
Q

Where is the Pituitary fossa located?

A

It is situated in sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa at base of brain.

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9
Q

How many hormones that regulates homeostasis are secreted by the Pituitary gland ?

A

9

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _________ is a large collection of thin-walledveins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of theskulland thesphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. “

A

Cavernous sinus

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11
Q

True or False? The adenohypophysis does not develop from neural tissue.

A

TRUE!!

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12
Q

What are the Superior hypophyseal arteries going to supply?

A
  • Pars tubercles
  • Median emminence
  • Infundibulum
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13
Q

The Superior hypophyseal arteries comes from what structure?

A

Internal Carotid Artery

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14
Q

What structures do the arteries from the superior hypophyseal arteries form in the median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus?

A

Primary Capillary Plexus

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15
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Small venules then drain primary capillary plexus and deliver the blood with the hormones into the ___________ that surrounds cells in _________.”

A
  • Secondary Capillary plexus
  • surrounds cells in Pars Distalis
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16
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Venules that connect primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamus with secondary capillary plexus in the adenohypophysis form __________.”

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

Compression of the optic chasm can lead to what condition?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia - Type of blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both right and left visual field.

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18
Q

What are the other names given to the Pineal Gland?

A

Pineal body
Epiphysis Cerebri
Epiphysis
Conarium

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19
Q

What substance is produced by the Pineal gland?

A

It produces theserotonin derivative melatonin - a hormonethat affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.

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20
Q

True or False? The Pineal gland is apart of the Hypothalamus.

A

FALSE!! It is part of theepithalamus

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21
Q

Where is the Pineal gland located?

A
  • Located just rostro-dorsal to thesuperior colliculusand behind and beneath thestria medullaris

*Between the laterally positionedthalamic bodies

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22
Q

To what structure is the Pineal gland attached to?

A

Attached by a Pineal stalk to Diencephalon.

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23
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The superior part of the base of the pineal stalk contains ________ while the inferior part of the base contains a __________.”

A

Superior Part - Habenular commissure

Inferior Part - Posterior commissure.

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24
Q

The base of the pineal stalk posses a recess that is continuous with what structure?

A

The cavity of the third ventricle.

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25
Q

A tumour of the pineal gland can lead to what condition?

A

Parinaud syndrome - : compression of midbrain: vertical gaze palsy, sunset sign: inability to move eyes up and down.

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26
Q

What are the structures found in the Cavernous sinus?

A
  • Venous blood primarily from the sup ophthalmic vein (and sphenoparietal sinus + sup middle cerebral vein)
  • The third part of the internal carotid artery surrounded by the carotid sympathetic plexus.
  • The abducens nerve(CNVI) inferolateral to the artery
  • Within the lateral wall of the sinus CNIII, IV, Va, and Vb
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27
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located?

A

It is located in the lower part of the front and side of the neck opposite to the C5, C6, C7, and T1 vertebrae

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28
Q

What is the name of the fibromuscular band that connects the pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid gland to the hyoid bone?

A

Levator glandulae thyroideae

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29
Q

Where does the Isthmus of the Thyroid gland extend across?

A

The isthmus extends across the midline in front of the
2nd, 3rd, and 4th tracheal rings.

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30
Q

What is the weight of the Thyroid gland?

A

25 grams

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31
Q

What are the different parts of the Lateral lobe of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Base
Apex
Medial Surface
Anterolateral surface
Posteriorlateral surface

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32
Q

What is the True & False histological capsule formed by?

A

Pre-tracheal fascia

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33
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Pre-tracheal fascia condenses to form the ____________ which are attached to the ______________. “

A

The Pre-tracheal fascia condenses to form the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS OF BERRY which are attached to the CRICOID CARTILAGE.

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34
Q

Where does the Venous plexus lie?

A

Deep to the true capsule

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35
Q

What are the Infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

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36
Q

Where does the bifurcation of the Common carotid occur?

A

Between C3 & C4

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37
Q

What is the nerve root for Ansa cervicalis?

A

C1,2,3

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38
Q

What are the relations to the anterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of Thyroid gland ( Superficial to deep) ?

A
  1. Sassy - Skin containing platysma in the superficial fascia
  2. Drake- Deep cervical fascia enclosing sternomastoid (+ ant. Jugular veins)

3.Is - Infrahyoids – sternohyoid, sternothyroid +
omohyoid.

  1. Pretty - Pretracheal fascia

” Sassy Drake is Pretty “

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39
Q

What is the most important relations to the medial surface of the lateral lobe of the Thyroid gland?

A

The Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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40
Q

What are the relations to the medial surface of the lateral lobes?

A
  • Two tubes: trachea + oesophagus.
  • Two cartilages: thyroid + cricoid.
  • Two muscles: inf constrictor + cricothyroid.
  • Two nerves: rec. laryngeal + ext. br. Sup.
    laryngeal.
  • Two vessels: inf laryngeal + cricothyroid br. of sup. Laryngeal (variable)
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41
Q

What is the most important relation to the posterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of the Thyroid gland?

A

The Parathyroid glands.

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42
Q

Where are Parathyroid glands located?

A

They are found in the false capsule or embedded in the Thyroid .

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43
Q

What is the Blood supply to the Thyroid gland?

A

Inferior Thyroid artery
Superior Thyroid artery
Thyroidea ima artery
Accessory thyroid arteries

44
Q

What is the main blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

45
Q

Fill in the blanks.”The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of _______.”

A

Thyrocervical trunk

46
Q

Fill in the blanks.”The Thyroid Ima artery is a branch of _______.”

A

Arch of the aorta

Only present in 3% of cases.

47
Q

The Superior Thyroid artery is a branch of what artery?

A

External Carotid Artery

48
Q

Damage to the internal laryngeal nerve will cause?

A

The inability to alter pitch

49
Q

What Is the Venous drainage of the Thyroid Gland?

A
  • Superior Thyroid Vein draining into Common Facial vein or Internal Jugular vein.
  • Middle thyroid vein draining into Internal Jugular vein.
  • Inferior Thyroid veins will drain into your Brachiocephalic vein.
50
Q

What is the Lymphatic drainage for the Thyroid Gland?

A

Superiorly to the Jugular digastric nodes.

Inferiorly to the Pretracheal lymph nodes.

51
Q

What is the nerve supply for the Thyroid Gland?

A

Sympathetics from superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia

Parasympathetics from the vagus

52
Q

What are the divisions of the Hypothalamus?

A

Preoptic
Supra-optic
Tuberal
Mamilllary

53
Q

Which nuclei are found in the Supra-optic region of the Hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
Anterior nucleus
Supraoptic Suprachiasmatic

” PASS”

54
Q

Which nuclei are found in the Tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Dorsomedial
  • Ventromedial
  • Arcuate (infundibular)
  • Premamillary
55
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The _________& _______ nuclei are found in the maxillary region of the hypothalamus?

A

Maxillary nuclei
Posterior nucleus

56
Q

Which nucleus contains haemmorrhagic lesions in Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Maxillary nucleus

57
Q

Which structure carries the largest afferent from the hypothalamus?

58
Q

What are the relations to the posterolateral surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Carotid sheath containing common carotid , + internal jugular vein + vagus – outside of carotid sheath: ansa cervicalis.
  • Scalenous anterior + longus colli covered by prevertebral fascia.
  • Phrenic nerve descending on the scalenus anterior.
59
Q

Where are the Suprarenal(Adrenal glands located) ?

A

On the upper Upper poles of the Kidney

60
Q

What is the name of the fascia that encloses the Supra renal Glands?

A

Renal fascia ( Peri - nephric fascia of (Gerota)

61
Q

What is the Embryological origin of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Mesoderm - (mesodermal lining of the peritoneal cavity)

62
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Neural crest cells and is equivalent to a group of sympathetic ganglion cells.

63
Q

What type of cells are found in the Adrenal medulla?

A

Granular chromaffin cells

64
Q

What is the anatomical location of the Supra Renal gland?

A

The suprarenal glands are located in the epigastric region of abdomen, anterosuperior to the upper part of each kidney.

65
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The right supra-renal gland is related SUPERIORLY to the ______.”

A

Bare area of the liver.

66
Q

What is the shape used to describe the right supra-renal gland?

A

Triangular or pyramidal

67
Q

What is the shape used to describe the left supra-renal gland?

A

Cresenteric or semi-lunar

67
Q

What is the average weight of the supra-renal gland?

68
Q

What are the two surfaces of the Adrenal glands?

A

Anterior and Posterior

68
Q

What is the name of the structure that provides emergence of the suprarenal vein?

69
Q

Fill in the blanks. “
The Posterior surface of the RIGHT adrenal gland is divided into _________ and ______ parts by a _______.”

A

Upper Convex and Lower concave parts by a Curved ridge

70
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The Posterior surface of the LEFTT adrenal gland is divided into _________ and ______ by a _______.”

A

Medial and Lateral areas by a ridge

71
Q

True or False? The Anterior surface of the RIGHT adrenal gland has superior and
inferior areas.

A

FALSE!! The Anterior surface of the right gland has narrow vertical
medial area and triangular lateral area.

72
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Anterior surface of the left gland has __________ and
_________ areas.”

A

Superior and Inferior areas

73
Q

What is the name of the structure that separates the adrenal gland from the kidney in the renal fascia?

74
Q

What are the External Features of the RIGHT Adrenal gland?

A
  1. Apex
    2.Base
  2. Two surfaces - Anterior & Posterior
  3. Two borders- ( Medial and lateral)
75
Q

What are the External features of the LEFT Adrenal gland?

A
  1. Two ends - Narrow Upper end & rounded lower end.
  2. Two surfaces - Anterior & Posterior
  3. Two borders - Medial & Lateral
76
Q

What types of cells are found in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Nests or
clumps of small polyhedral cells.

77
Q

What type of cells are found in zona fasciculata?

A

Parallel
straight columns of large polyhedral cells.

78
Q

The zona reticularis made up of what type of cells?

A

A mesh of interlacing cords of rounded cells.

79
Q

What are other sources of chromaffin- like tissue?

A

Paraganglia, para-aortic bodies, and glomus coccygeum (coccygeal body).

80
Q

What is the blood supply of the Adrenal Glands?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal artery: A branch of the inferior phrenic artery.
  2. Middle suprarenal artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta.
  3. Inferior suprarenal artery: A branch of the renal artery.
81
Q

What is the colour appearance for the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex- yellowish appearance

Medulla- Reddish brown

82
Q

What is the veterbral level of the Middle suprarenal artery ?

83
Q

What is the venous drainage of the RIGHT Adrenal gland?

A

Right suprarenal vein which drains into IVC

84
Q

What is the venous drainage of the LEFT Adrenal gland?

A

Left suprarenal vein which drains into Left renal vein

85
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the Suprarenal glands?

A

Lateral aortic nodes.

86
Q

What is the nerve supply for the Adrenal glands?

A

They are predominantly myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibres derived from splanchnic nerves

87
Q

What is the relations of the Anterior surface for the RIGHT adrenal gland?

A

*Medial: Inferior vena cava
*Lateral: Right lobe of the liver including bare area

88
Q

What are the relations for the Anterior surface of the LEFT adrenal gland?

A
  • Superior:Stomach
  • Inferior:Splenic artery and pancreas.
89
Q

What is the relations of the Posterior surface for the RIGHT adrenal gland?

A
  • Inferior: Kidney
  • Superior: Crus (right) of diaphragm
90
Q

What are the relations for the Posterior surface of the LEFT adrenal gland?

A
  • Medial: Crus (left) of diaphragm
  • Lateral:Kidney
91
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The medial border of the RIGHT adrenal gland is related to _________ & _________.”

A
  • Right coeliac ganglion
    *Right inferior phrenic artery
92
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The medial border of the LEFT adrenal gland is related to _________ , _________& _______.”

A
  • Left coeliac ganglion
    *Lefti nferior phrenic artery
  • Left gastric vessels
93
Q

Where is the Hilum of the RIGHT adrenal gland located?

A

It is short sulcus a little inferior to the apex and near the anterior border.

94
Q

Where is the Hilum of the LEFT adrenal gland located?

A

It is located near the lower part of anterior surface and faces anteroinferiorly.

95
Q

The left renal vein receives drainage from what other vein?

A

The Left Gonadal vein

96
Q

What happens when there is Compression of the Left renal vein ?

A

This can cause Compression of the left gondola vein ( Testicular vein ) and give rise to a Left Testicular Varicocele.

97
Q

Compression of the Left renal vein by the Superior mesenteric artery will give rise to what condition ?

A

Left Renal Vein Entrapment (Nutcracker ) Syndrome.

98
Q

What is the order of Lymph drainage for the Thyroid gland?

A

1st. Periglandular nodes

2nd. To the Prelaryngeal (Delphian)

3rd .Pretracheal

4th. Paratracheal nodes along the recurrent laryngeal nerve

5th. Also to deep cervical lymph nodes (Jugulo-omohyoid nodes, JON & Jugulo-digastric nodes, JDN).

99
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Upper Parathyroid glands?

A

The Fourth pharyngeal pouch

100
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Lower Parathyroid glands?

A

The Third pharyngeal pouch

101
Q

At what vertebral level is the renal artery?

102
Q

What is the name of the layer immediately surrounding the Adrenal gland?

A

Perinephric fat

103
Q

What are the name of the muscles that has attachments to the oblique line of the thyroid
cartilage?

A

*Thyrohyoid, *Sternothyroid
* Inferior pharyngeal constrictor.

Endocrine System (10 decks)

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