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Endocrine System > Embryology/ Histology > Flashcards

Embryology/ Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the Pituitary Gland?

A
  1. Adenohypophysis
  2. Neurohypophysis
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2
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Adenohypophysis ( Anterior pituitary) is divided into ______, ______ & _______.”

A

Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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3
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The neurohypophysis( Posterior pituitary) is divided into _______ & _______.”

A
  • Pars nervosa
  • Infundibulum
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4
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects the hypophysis with the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

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5
Q

What is the name of the structure that surrounds the Infundibulum?

A

Pars tuberalis

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6
Q

True or False? The pars distalis of the adenohypophysis accounts for about 75% of the hypophyseal tissue.

A

TRUE!!

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7
Q

What does the Pars intermedia represent?

A

It represents residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch & Contains colloid-filled vesicles surrounded by cells of pars intermedia.

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8
Q

True or False? The Pars nervosa consists mainly of myelinated axons and supportive cells (pituicytes).

A

FALSE!!! The Pars nervosa ( of the pituitary gland contains mainly UNMYELINATED axons and supportive cells ( pituicytes).

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9
Q

What is the name of the supportive cells of the Posterior pituitary gland?

A

Pituicytes

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10
Q

What is the name of the structure that surrounds both Pars distalis( A. pituitary ) & Pars nervosa ( P. Pituitary)?

A

Connective tissue capsule

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11
Q

What structures are found in the hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract?

A

It consists of axons extending from the Hypothalamic SUPRAOPTIC c & PARAVENTRICULAR nuclei.

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12
Q

What are the two main types of cells found in Pars Distalis?

A

+ Chromophobe cells
+ Chromophil cells

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13
Q

Fill in the blanks. Chromaphil cells are divided into ________ & ________. “

A

Acidophils (alpha cells)
Basophils (beta cells)

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks. “All known hormones of the adenohypophysis are ________.”

A

Proteins or Glycoproteins

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15
Q

What types of cells exhibit clear and very light cytoplasm?

A

Chromophobes

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16
Q

What types of cells has its cytoplasmic granules stain intensely red ?

A

Acidophils

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17
Q

What colour stain is given from the appearance of Pituicytes?

A

Orange

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18
Q

What type of cells account for 65% of the cells in the Adenohypophysis?

A

Acidophils ( Acidophilic cells)

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19
Q

What type of cells produce Growth hormone/ Somatotropin?

A

Somatotrophs

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20
Q

What type of cells secrete Prolactin?

A

Mammotrophs(or lactotrophs)

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21
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Somatotrophs and Mommotrophs are types of ___________ cells.”

A

Acidophilic ( Acidophils)

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22
Q

What are the different type of Basophils and what substances do they each produce?

A
  1. Thyrothrophs producing Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ( TSH)
  2. Gonadotrophs producing FSH & LH.

3.Corticotrophs (adrenocorticolipotrophs) producing Adrenocorticotropichormone(ACTHor corticotropin) & Lipotropin (LPH)

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23
Q

What type of cells are mostly found in the Pars Intermedia?

A

Basophilic cells - Corticotrophs

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24
Q

Lutenizing hormone stimulates the production of testosterone by what cells in males?

A

Leydig cells

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25
Q

Which cells has precursors of ACTH and LPH which undergo hydrolysis to produce Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A

Corticotrophs (Adrenocorticolipotrophs)

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26
Q

During foetal life, what substance is expressed by the Pars intermedia?

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

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27
Q

Where is Oxytocin produced from?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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28
Q

Where is ADH(Vasopressin ) produced from?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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29
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Oxytocin and ADH are bound in granules to carrier proteins namely ____________.”

A

Neurophysin I & II

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30
Q

What is the name of the structure that surrounds the Pineal Gland?

A

Pia Mater

31
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the Pineal glands?

A

Pinealocytes & Astrocytes

32
Q

What is the most prominent secretory product of the Pineal body?

A

Melatonin

33
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Secretory activity in the pineal gland is stimulated by ______ and inhibited by ______.”

A

Stimulated by Darkness
Inhibited by Light

34
Q

What is the innervation for the Pineal Body?

A

The pineal body is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibres derived from the superior cervical ganglion.

35
Q

How is the nuclei described when stained in Atstrocyes & Pinealocyets ?

A

Astrocytes - Small , dark nuclei
Pinealocytes - Light , larger , round nuclei surrounded by broad rim of cytoplasm.

36
Q

What is considered the structural and functional block of the thyroid gland?

A

The follicle

37
Q

What epithelium lines the Thyroid Gland?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

38
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located?

A

It is situated on the lateral sides of the lower part of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.

39
Q

What is the name given to the secretory product of the Follicular cell in the Thyroid gland?

A

Colloid

40
Q

What are the main components found in Colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin

41
Q

What are the main components found in Thyroglobulin?

A

Triiodothyronine(T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (or thyroxine) (T4

42
Q

Where are C cells normally located ?

A

They are located basally in the epithelium.

43
Q

What substance does C-cells ( parafollicular cells) produce?

A

Calcitonin

43
Q

What are the two main types of cells found in the Parathyroid glands?

A
  • Chief cells (Principal cells)
  • Oxyphillic cells
44
Q

What substance is secreted by chief cells ?

A

Parathyroid hormone

This is not STOMACH!!

45
Q

What is the function of Parathyroid hormone?

A

It is of pivotal importance for normal calcium concentrations in the fluids and tissues of the body.

46
Q

What would happen if the Parathyroid hormone was to be removes completely?

A

If the parathyroid glands are removed completely, calcium concentrations decrease rapidly, leading totetany within 2-3 days and eventuallydeath if left untreated.

47
Q

Where is the Adenohypophysis derived from?

A

Buccal oral ectoderm

48
Q

Where is the Neurohypophysis derived from?

A

Neural ectoderm

49
Q

When does the Hypothalamus begin to develop?

A

At week 5

50
Q

True or False? The thyroid gland develops at week 4 while the parathyroid glands develop at week 5.

A

TRUE!!

51
Q

What are the structures which the Diencephalon gives rise to?

A

Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

52
Q

Fill in th blanks. “ The diencephalon is derived from ______.”

A

Prosencephalon

53
Q

The hypothalamus is derived from?

A

Diencephalon.

54
Q

What structures do the Infundibulum give rise to?

A

The pituitary stalk, pars nervosa, posterior lobe, neurohypophysis .

55
Q

The adenohypophysis( anterior pituitary) pars tuberalis and pars intermedia are formed from what structure?

A

The stomodeum

56
Q

Fill in the blanks in response to their embryological origins.
1.____________ gives rise to Pouches.
2. ___________ gives rise to arches.
3. ______________ gives rise to clefts.

A

Endoderm - pouches
Mesoderm - arches.
Ectoderm - clefts

57
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The dorsal bud of the 4th Pharyngeal pouch becomes _______.”

A

Superior Parathyroid

58
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The ventral bud of the 4th Pharyngeal pouch becomes _______.”

A

Ultimobranchial body.

59
Q

The Ultimobranchial body fuses with the thyroid gland and disseminates within it to give rise to what structure?

A

Parafollicular C cells

60
Q

When does the Thyroid reaches it finals position?

A

Week 7

61
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The pancreas is formed by two buds originating from the ________.”

A

Endodermal lining of the duodenum.

62
Q

The ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to what structures?

A

Th uncinate process and inferior part of the head of the pancreas.

63
Q

When does Insulin secretion begin?

A

In the fifth month

64
Q

The main pancreatic duct is formed from what structures?

A

It is formed from the distal part of the
dorsal pancreatic duct and the entire ventral pancreatic duct.

65
Q

The accessory pancreatic duct is formed from what structure?

A

The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic duct.

66
Q

Which embryological origin forms the cortex of the suprarenal gland?

A

Mesoderm

67
Q

Which embryological origin forms the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

Ectoderm

68
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract consists of axons extending from the ________ & _________.”

A

Hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.

69
Q

What is the main function of the corpora arenacea” or “brain sand”?

A

They provide agood midline-marker for the brain.

70
Q

What type of epithelium of found in the Thyroid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

What is the name of the substance in which Chief (principal ) cells produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone.

72
Q

What is the name of the substance with which C -cells produce?

A

Calcitonin

C- cells aka Parafollicular cells

73
Q

At what age do oxyphillic cells appear in life?

A

Occurs at age 6-7

Endocrine System (10 decks)

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