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Integ Exam 1 > Skin, Hair, Nails Lecture > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, Nails Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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2
Q

Protection

A

From trauma, chemicals and infections

Prevent dehydration

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3
Q

Synthesis and storage of nutirents

A

Synthesis of Vit D3 and storage of fat

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4
Q

Sensation

A

Touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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5
Q

Excretion and secretion

A

Excretes salts, water, organic waste

Secretes milk to nourish neonates

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6
Q

Function of the skin?

A 
Thermoregulation
Protection
Synthesis and storage of nutrients
Sensation
Excretion and secretion
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7
Q

Epidermis Thick skin

A

Found in palms, soles

Consists of five layers

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8
Q

Epidermis Thin Skin

A 
Found on the rest of the body
4 layers (minus S. Lucidum)
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9
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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10
Q

S. germinativum

A

Deepest layer containg large stem cells (new cell generation)
Forms epidermal ridges that increase nutrient diffusion (form fingerprints)
Contain melanocytes and nerve receptors (touch)

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11
Q

S. Spinosum

A

Originate from cells of the S. germinativum

Increases the thickness of the epidermis

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12
Q

S. Granulosum

A

Cells from the S. Spinosum layers

Division stops and Keratin is created

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13
Q

S. Lucidum

A

Clear layer covering S. granulosum in THICK SKIN of the palms and soles
Cells are flattened and densely packed and filled with keratin

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14
Q

S. corneum

A

Most superficial layer (15-30 layers of flattened and dead epithelial cells with large amounts of keratin)
Dead cells are connected by desmosomes
Primary barrier to drug entry
- Flakes and dries out

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15
Q

Keratinocyte

A

New skin cell
Takes 2-4 weeks to move from S. Germinativum to S. Corneum
- Dead cells stay for 2 weeks before shedding out of the S. Corneum

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16
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold together keratinocytes

When it degenerates they will flake off

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17
Q

Keratin + Epidermal Homeostasis

A

Lifeless proteins found in hair, nails and skins,

- Expressed in pairs, Type 1 (acidic) paired with Type II keratin molecule (basic)

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18
Q

Keratinocytes produce

A

IL-1a, IL-6, and IL-8

Responsive to Vitamin A and D3 –> homeostasis and wound healing

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and contain melanin

20
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment manufactured and stored in the cells of the S. germinativum and S. spinosum layers of the epidermis

  • Adds color
  • Production of melanin is determined by genetics and exposure to sunlight
21
Q

Langerhans cells

A

“Immature dendritic cells)
- S. Spinosum
Pick up and process microbial antigens –> migrate to the T cells area and mature to professional APCs
Secrete chemokines and produce adhesions molecules to attract and bind naive T cells
Present to MHC II and CD4s

22
Q

TH1 vs TH2

A

1: innate
2: adaptive

23
Q

Dermis layers?

A 
Papillary layer (upper)
Reticular layer (lower)
24
Q

Papillary layer

A

Loose connective tissue

Contains capillaries and nerves (pain/touch)

25
Reticular layer
Collagen and elastic fibers Rich in vessels and nerves Areas project downward close to sweat and sebaceous glands and near to hair follicles
26
Sweat glands
Originate in the dermis and rise through the epidermis to the skin surface Controlled by SNS Nerve fiber = sympathetic and neurotransmitter = ACh
27
Eccrine Sweat Gland
Regulate temperature and waste excretion Duct opens directly to epithelial surface Skin of palms, soles, and foreheads
28
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Scent Axillae, perineum Ducts opens to hair shaft
29
Sebaceous glands
Branched areolar glands located over the surface of the skin (except in palms, soles, and feet) - Open to hair follicles mainly except in lips and mammary (directly to skin surface)
30
Function of sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum (sensitive to sex hormone changes) - Prevent hair from becoming brittle, moisturizes skins and prevents dehydration, has a bactericidal actions - -- excess = acne
31
Hypodermis
Below the dermis Composed of adipose and areolar tissue Function: store fat, insulate, adsorb shock
32
Classification of hair
Vellus (small, fine, nonpigmented) Lanugo (fine fetal hair) Terminal (large mature hair)
33
Functions of hair
Protection from injury and abrasion Sensory functions (dogs) Insulation or temperature regulation
34
Hair Follicles
``` Contain capillaries and nerve ending Papilla contain melanocytes (hair color) Along hair shaft: epidermis Around follicle: dermis - As cells divide, the daughter cells are pushed towards the surface to keratinize and die ```
35
Age + hair color?
Decreased melanin Presence of air bubbles in hair shaft -- Hair color lightens
36
Hair growth
Anagen, Catagen, & Telogen 10-20 cycles during life When resting phase is complete, the hair follicle converts to anagen phase, and the new anagen hair pushes out the telogen hair after 2-4 months
37
Anagen
Active hair growth | 85-90% of scalp hair (4-8 years)
38
Catagen
Degeneration | 1%
39
Telogen
Resting | 10-15%
40
Hair loss
Lose about 50 hairs a day
41
Causes of hair loss
Drug, dietary factors, radiation, high fever, stress, genetics, hormonal factors
42
Androgenetic alopecia
Female pattern baldness or male pattern baldness Combined hormonal and genetic issues - Inherited - Varying levels of T and DHT (large terminal hair in tiny vellus follicles) - Treatment: prevention
43
Minoxidil (Rogaine)
MOA: activation of ATP-dependent K+ channels with enhanced K+ efflux and hyper polarization of cells --> relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscles and decreases blood pressure; not understood for alopecia --> enhances follicular size and prolongs anagen phase - End treatment = hair loss - Systemic absorption occurs = cardiovascular symptoms
44
Finasteride (Propecia)
MOA: inhibition of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase --> Less T to DHT MEN only Increases hair counts - End treatment = hair loss - Sexual dysfunction (decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder)
45
Nail function
Protection, tools, weapons | Consist of hard plates of tightly packed keratinized cells
46
Nail structure
Nail plate: hard translucent, formed compacted layer of S. Corneum Nail bed: highly vascularized consits of S. Germinativum and S. Spinosum Nail root: site of nail growth Toe nails grow less than fingernails
47
Consideration for topical therapy
Regional anatomic variation Drug metabolism Altered or hydrated barrier function (damage S. Corneum, denuded or inflamed skin and hydration - increased absorption) Vehicle (alter drug absorption) Age (children > adults and higher skin permeability is increased in preterm infants)

Integ Exam 1 (7 decks)

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