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Integ Exam 1 > Skin, Hair, Nails Lecture > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, Nails Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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2
Q

Protection

A

From trauma, chemicals and infections

Prevent dehydration

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3
Q

Synthesis and storage of nutirents

A

Synthesis of Vit D3 and storage of fat

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4
Q

Sensation

A

Touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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5
Q

Excretion and secretion

A

Excretes salts, water, organic waste

Secretes milk to nourish neonates

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6
Q

Function of the skin?

A 
Thermoregulation
Protection
Synthesis and storage of nutrients
Sensation
Excretion and secretion
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7
Q

Epidermis Thick skin

A

Found in palms, soles

Consists of five layers

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8
Q

Epidermis Thin Skin

A 
Found on the rest of the body
4 layers (minus S. Lucidum)
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9
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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10
Q

S. germinativum

A

Deepest layer containg large stem cells (new cell generation)
Forms epidermal ridges that increase nutrient diffusion (form fingerprints)
Contain melanocytes and nerve receptors (touch)

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11
Q

S. Spinosum

A

Originate from cells of the S. germinativum

Increases the thickness of the epidermis

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12
Q

S. Granulosum

A

Cells from the S. Spinosum layers

Division stops and Keratin is created

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13
Q

S. Lucidum

A

Clear layer covering S. granulosum in THICK SKIN of the palms and soles
Cells are flattened and densely packed and filled with keratin

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14
Q

S. corneum

A

Most superficial layer (15-30 layers of flattened and dead epithelial cells with large amounts of keratin)
Dead cells are connected by desmosomes
Primary barrier to drug entry
- Flakes and dries out

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15
Q

Keratinocyte

A

New skin cell
Takes 2-4 weeks to move from S. Germinativum to S. Corneum
- Dead cells stay for 2 weeks before shedding out of the S. Corneum

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16
Q

Desmosomes

A

Hold together keratinocytes

When it degenerates they will flake off

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17
Q

Keratin + Epidermal Homeostasis

A

Lifeless proteins found in hair, nails and skins,

- Expressed in pairs, Type 1 (acidic) paired with Type II keratin molecule (basic)

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18
Q

Keratinocytes produce

A

IL-1a, IL-6, and IL-8

Responsive to Vitamin A and D3 –> homeostasis and wound healing

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19
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce and contain melanin

20
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment manufactured and stored in the cells of the S. germinativum and S. spinosum layers of the epidermis

  • Adds color
  • Production of melanin is determined by genetics and exposure to sunlight
21
Q

Langerhans cells

A

“Immature dendritic cells)
- S. Spinosum
Pick up and process microbial antigens –> migrate to the T cells area and mature to professional APCs
Secrete chemokines and produce adhesions molecules to attract and bind naive T cells
Present to MHC II and CD4s

22
Q

TH1 vs TH2

A

1: innate
2: adaptive

23
Q

Dermis layers?

A 
Papillary layer (upper)
Reticular layer (lower)
24
Q

Papillary layer

A

Loose connective tissue

Contains capillaries and nerves (pain/touch)

25
Q

Reticular layer

A

Collagen and elastic fibers
Rich in vessels and nerves
Areas project downward close to sweat and sebaceous glands and near to hair follicles

26
Q

Sweat glands

A

Originate in the dermis and rise through the epidermis to the skin surface
Controlled by SNS
Nerve fiber = sympathetic and neurotransmitter = ACh

27
Q

Eccrine Sweat Gland

A

Regulate temperature and waste excretion
Duct opens directly to epithelial surface
Skin of palms, soles, and foreheads

28
Q

Apocrine Sweat Gland

A

Scent
Axillae, perineum
Ducts opens to hair shaft

29
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Branched areolar glands located over the surface of the skin (except in palms, soles, and feet)
- Open to hair follicles mainly except in lips and mammary (directly to skin surface)

30
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Secrete sebum (sensitive to sex hormone changes)

  • Prevent hair from becoming brittle, moisturizes skins and prevents dehydration, has a bactericidal actions
  • – excess = acne
31
Q

Hypodermis

A

Below the dermis
Composed of adipose and areolar tissue
Function: store fat, insulate, adsorb shock

32
Q

Classification of hair

A

Vellus (small, fine, nonpigmented)
Lanugo (fine fetal hair)
Terminal (large mature hair)

33
Q

Functions of hair

A

Protection from injury and abrasion
Sensory functions (dogs)
Insulation or temperature regulation

34
Q

Hair Follicles

A 
Contain capillaries and nerve ending
Papilla contain melanocytes (hair color)
Along hair shaft: epidermis
Around follicle: dermis
- As cells divide, the daughter cells are pushed towards the surface to keratinize and die
35
Q

Age + hair color?

A

Decreased melanin
Presence of air bubbles in hair shaft
– Hair color lightens

36
Q

Hair growth

A

Anagen, Catagen, & Telogen
10-20 cycles during life
When resting phase is complete, the hair follicle converts to anagen phase, and the new anagen hair pushes out the telogen hair after 2-4 months

37
Q

Anagen

A

Active hair growth

85-90% of scalp hair (4-8 years)

38
Q

Catagen

A

Degeneration

1%

39
Q

Telogen

A

Resting

10-15%

40
Q

Hair loss

A

Lose about 50 hairs a day

41
Q

Causes of hair loss

A

Drug, dietary factors, radiation, high fever, stress, genetics, hormonal factors

42
Q

Androgenetic alopecia

A

Female pattern baldness or male pattern baldness
Combined hormonal and genetic issues
- Inherited
- Varying levels of T and DHT (large terminal hair in tiny vellus follicles)
- Treatment: prevention

43
Q

Minoxidil (Rogaine)

A

MOA: activation of ATP-dependent K+ channels with enhanced K+ efflux and hyper polarization of cells –> relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscles and decreases blood pressure; not understood for alopecia –> enhances follicular size and prolongs anagen phase

  • End treatment = hair loss
  • Systemic absorption occurs = cardiovascular symptoms
44
Q

Finasteride (Propecia)

A

MOA: inhibition of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase –> Less T to DHT
MEN only
Increases hair counts
- End treatment = hair loss
- Sexual dysfunction (decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder)

45
Q

Nail function

A

Protection, tools, weapons

Consist of hard plates of tightly packed keratinized cells

46
Q

Nail structure

A

Nail plate: hard translucent, formed compacted layer of S. Corneum
Nail bed: highly vascularized consits of S. Germinativum and S. Spinosum
Nail root: site of nail growth
Toe nails grow less than fingernails

47
Q

Consideration for topical therapy

A

Regional anatomic variation
Drug metabolism
Altered or hydrated barrier function (damage S. Corneum, denuded or inflamed skin and hydration - increased absorption)
Vehicle (alter drug absorption)
Age (children > adults and higher skin permeability is increased in preterm infants)

Integ Exam 1 (7 decks)

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