Skin/hair/nails Flashcards
Alopecia
hair loss
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
Seborrhea Skin
oily
xerosis skin
dry
Changes in skin color
pallor – anemia, jaundice – liver cyanosis - respiratory disease
Pallor – oxygenated hgb is lost or due to vasoconstriction,
erythema is caused by dilated capillaries
cyanosis is due to decreased perfusion of tissues
jaundice is due to increased bilirubin in blood
Pruritus
itching of skin
Causes of hypothermia
general: shock, cardiac arrest, induced
Localized occurs in arterial and venous insufficiency
causes of hyperthermia
can occur with and increased metabolic rate with fever, exercise or hyperthyroidism
Localized occurs with trauma, infection or sunburn
Diaphoresis
sweating
Tanner staging
identifies gender patterns of hair distribution.
Inspection and Palpation: Nails
Profile sign: view index finger at its profile and note angle of nail base; it should be about 160 degrees
Capillary refill- 2 seconds
ABCDEF Skin Assessment
A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color variations
D: diameter greater than 6 mm
E: elevation or evolution
F: funny looking—“ugly duckling” —different from others
Shapes and Configurations of Lesions
Annular or circular
Begins in center and spreads to periphery
Confluent
Lesions run together
Discrete
Distinct and separate
Grouped
Cluster of lesions
Target or iris
Resembles iris of eyes, concentric rings
Linear
Scratch, streak, line, or stripe
Polycyclic
Annular lesions grow together.
Zosteriform
Linear arrangement following a unilateral nerve route ONLY SEEN IN SHINGLES
Gyrate
Twisted, coiled, or snakelike
macule (skin)
freckle, nevus
Patch (skin)
Macules that are larger than 1 cm
Ex of patch is vitiligo, café au lait spot
Papules (skin)
mole, wart, thickening of the epidermis
Plaques
papules but more of a rash (ex) psoriasis
Wheals
Superficial, raised, transient and erythematous, irregular in shape due to edema
Urticaria (hives)
Wheals coalesce to form extensive pruritic reaction.
Vesicles
Elevated cavity containing fluid up to 1 cm (blister)
Cysts
Encapsulated fluid filled cavity (underneath skin)
Bullas
Larger than 1 cm diameter, (big blister)
(burn or pemphigoid)
Pustules
pus in cavity that is circumscribed and elevated
Fissures
Linear crack with abrupt edges extending into dermis
Erosions
Scooped out but shallow depression
Ulcers
Deeper depression extending into dermis with irregular shape, may bleed, leaves scar
Excoriations
Self-inflicted abrasion that is superficial
Atrophic scars
Resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue and thinning
ex-striae
Lichenifications
Prolonged intense scratching leads to thickened skin producing tightly packed set of papules
Keloids
Benign excess of scar tissue beyond original injury
Pressure Injury
Stage I: Non-blanchable erythema
Stage II: Partial-thickness skin loss
Stage III: Full-thickness skin loss
Stage IV: Full-thickness skin/tissue loss
Deep tissue pressure injury (DTPI)
Decubiti
ulcer/bedsore
Hemangiomas (skin)
caused by a benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis
Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus)
Strawberry mark (immature hemangioma)
Cavernous hemangioma (mature)
Telangiectases
caused by a permanent vascular dilation on the skin surface
Spider or star angioma
Venous lake
Purpuric lesions
Petechiae-red/purple dots all over
Ecchymosis
Purpura-confluent and extensive patch of Petechiae and ecchymosis
Lesions caused by trauma or abuse
Pattern injury
Hematoma (pool of blood clots)
Contusion (bruise)
Contusion
bruise
Hematoma
localized bleeding
Common Skin Lesions in Children
Diaper dermatitis
Intertrigo (candidiasis)-skin rash
Impetigo-skin rash
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Measles (rubeola)
German measles (rubella)
Chickenpox (varicella)
Impetigo
highly contagious bacterial infection – honey colored crusts – most often in infants and kids
Eczema
overstimulated immune system
Tinea corporis
ringworm of the body
Tinea pedis
(ringworm of the foot)—Athlete’s foot
Herpes zoster
shingles
Erythema Migrans
lyme disease
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Less common than basal cell but grows rapidly.
Predominantly in sun-damaged skin
Can be painful, ulcerate, and bleed
Low risk for metastasis
Malignant Melanoma
Potentially lethal-(hard to treat when diagnosed late)
Brown, black, tan, pink-red, purple, or mixed color
Irregular borders (often)
Women: common in trunk and back of legs
Men: palms, soles of feet , and nails in Black skin color.
Risk factors: UV radiation from sun and indoor tanning, family history
AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma
A vascular tumor is most common tumor in persons infected with HIV
Considered an AIDS-defining illness
Can occur at any stage of HIV infection
Seborrheic dermatitis (hair)
cradle cap, red scaly, dry, flashy itchy skin
Tinea capitis (hair)
scalp ringworm
Pediculosis capitis (hair)
lice
Beau’s lines (nail)
transverse depressions that appear as white lines across the fingernails
sign of an acute severe illness such as malnutrition, a systemic disease, trauma, or coronary occlusion
Splinter hemorrhage
linear bleeding under a fingernail or toenail, resembling a splinter.
It is seen after trauma and in bacterial endocarditis
Pitting
Small, punctate indentations in fingernails or toenails,
often a result of psoriasis
angioma
benign tumor
Mobility and Turgor
Mobility: decreased with edema
Turgor: is increased with dehydration and weight loss
anasarca-generalize edema
has a central cause – heart or kidneys
acrochordons
skin tags
Keratoses
benign, dark colored skin, looks scaly or waxy (develops more in the elderly)
Lanugo
fine downy hair of newborn infant
Vernix caseosa
thick, cheesy substance
