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Dermatology > Skin Cancer > Flashcards

Skin Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of benign skin lesions?

A 
Epithelial polyps (skin tags)
Seborrhoeic warts
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2
Q

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell. carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

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3
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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4
Q

In which skin types is skin cancer most common?

A

Paler skin types 1 and 2

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5
Q

What mutation may, in rare cases, predispose to basal cell carcinoma?

A

PTCH gene mutation

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6
Q

At what sites are basal cell carcinomas normally found?

A

Head and neck or other sunlight exposure areas

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7
Q

Basal cell carcinoma has a good prognosis. T/F?

A

True

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8
Q

What are the different subtypes of basal cell carcinoma?

A

Nodular
Superficial
Pigmented
Morphoeic/sclerotic

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9
Q

Describe the appearance of a nodular basal cell carcinoma?

A 
>0.5cm
Raises lesion
Shiny
Telangiectasia (spider veins)
Central ulceration
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10
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for basal cell carcinoma?

A

Surgical excision with a 3-4mm margin

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11
Q

Other than surgical excision, how can basal cell carcinoma?

A 
Curettage and cauterise 
Cryotherapy
Photodynamic therapy
Topical imiquimod/5-fluorouracil cream
Mohs micrographic surgery
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12
Q

From what cell type is basal cell carcinoma derived?

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

From what cell type is squamous cell carcinoma derived?

A

Keratinocytes

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14
Q

What are the high risk sites for metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Lips

Ears

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15
Q

What are the pre-malignant variants of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Actinic keratoses

Bowen’s disease

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16
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Surgical excision with a 4mm margin

17
Q

How can squamous cell carcinoma in situ be treated?

A

Topic imiquimod or 5-flurorouracil cream
Cryotherapy
Photodynamic therapy

18
Q

From what cell type is melanoma derived?

A

Melanocytes

19
Q

Which type of skin cancer has the worst prognosis?

A

Melanoma

20
Q

Other than the skin, where can melanoma occur?

A

Bowel

Eye

21
Q

How does melanoma spread?

A

Via lymphatics

22
Q

What are the risk factors for the development of melanoma?

A 
Genetic markers e.g. CDKN2A mutations
Family history
UV irradiation
Sunburns during childhood
Intermittent bruning exposure in unacclimatised fair skin
Congenital nevi
Number >50 and size >5mm of melanocytes nevi
>5 atypical nevi
Personal history of melanoma
High socioeconomic status
Skin types 1 and 2
Immunosuppression
23
Q

What scale is used by pathologists to determine the prognosis of melanoma?

A

Breslow’s scale

24
Q

What are the subtypes of melanoma?

A 
Superficial spreading melanoma
Nodular melanoma
Aural melanoma
Sublingual melanoma
Melanotic melanoma
Lentigo maligna
Lentifo amiga melanoma
25
Q

If a melanoma is <1mm in depth, then what surgical margin is required?

A

1cm

26
Q

If a melanoma is >1mm in depth, then what surgical margin is required?

A

2cm

27
Q

Other than surgery, how can melanoma be treated?

A

Immunotherapy - ipilimumab and nivolumab
Immune check points. / MEK inhibitors e.g. trametinib
Biologic antibodies e.g. debrafanib against BRAF genetic defects

28
Q

How can melanoma be assessed for metastasis?

A

CT/MRI scans

29
Q

Which melanoma patients would receive genetic testing?

A

Families where there are multiple primary melanomas

Young Individuals with several primary melanomas

30
Q

What is Gorlin’s syndrome?

A

A predisposition to multiple basal cell carcinomas, Jae cysts and breast cancer

31
Q

What is Brok Spiegler syndrome?

A

Predispositions to:

Multiple basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas

32
Q

What is Gardner syndrome?

A

Predispositions to:

Soft tissue. tumours, polyps and bowel cancer

33
Q

What is Cowden’s syndrome?

A

Predispositions to:
Multiple hamartomas
Thyroid and breast cancers.

Dermatology (8 decks)

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