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Systems: Dermatology AB > Skin and Temperature Control > Flashcards

Skin and Temperature Control Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is our core body temperature?

A

37 +/- 0.5 degrees

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2
Q

What happens at 41 degrees?

A

Proteins start to denature

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3
Q

What happens below 30 degrees?

A

Lose of concsiousness

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4
Q

What does normal body temperature vary with?

A
  • External temperature
  • Activity
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Menstrual cycle
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5
Q

How is core temperature maintained?

A

By balancing heat loss and heat gain

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6
Q

What techniques does our body use to maintain thermal balance?

A
  • Convection
  • Conduction
  • Evaporation
  • Radiation
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7
Q

How much do we lose to evaporation each day?

A

-Respiration + sweating
~600ml/day at rest
-But 4l/hour at extremes
loses 600kcal/l

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8
Q

How much heat loss does radiation account for?

A

60%

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9
Q

What is convection?

A

Fluid conduction which is important in blood

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10
Q

What is conduction?

A

Heat transfer direct between touching objects

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11
Q

How much heat do we produce at rest?

A

~80kcal/hour at rest

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12
Q

How does our body detect body temperature?

A

Cold receptors and warm receptors

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13
Q

Where are the peripheral thermoreceptors located?

A

Skin

-Especially face and scrotum

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14
Q

Where are the central thermoreceptors found?

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Abdominal organs
  • Hypothalamus
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15
Q

What do the peripheral thermoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in environmental temperature

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16
Q

What do the central thermoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in core body temperature

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17
Q

Where do thermoreceptors send signals to?

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulatory center

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18
Q

How is heat generated within the body in response to cold?

A
  • General metabolism
  • Voluntary muscular activity
  • Shivering thermogenesis
  • Nonshivering thermongenesis
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19
Q

Why is nonshivering thermogenesis only significant in infants?

A

They have brown adipose tissue

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20
Q

How is heat loss from the body reduced in response to the cold?

A
  • Vasomotor control

- Behavioural responses

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21
Q

Describe vasomotor control in response to the cold.

A

Sympathetic arteriolar constriction reduces delivery of blood to the skin

22
Q

What behavioural responses do humans have to the cold?

A
  • Reducing surface area
  • adding clothing
  • Moving to warmer environment
23
Q

Hypothermia

A

A fall in deep body temperature to below 35 degrees

24
Q

Who is at risk of hypothermia?

A
  • Neonates
  • Elderly
  • Vagrants
  • Cold store workers
  • Outdoor pursuits
  • North sea workers
25
Q

Why are neonates at risk of hypothermia?

A
  • Big surface area to volume ratio
  • Not much fat
  • Don’t shiver well
  • But they do have brown adipose tissue
26
Q

Why are the elderly at risk of hypothermia?

A
  • Do not detect temperature changes so well
  • Less shivering capacity
  • More immobile
27
Q

What is the treatment for hypothermia?

A

-Dry/insulate to prevent further heat loss
-Slow re-warming with bag/blankets
Internal re-warming with hot drinks and/or warm air
Fast re-warming by immersion in water, extracorporeal circulation

28
Q

Describe how vascular frostbite occurs.

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increase in viscosity
  • Promotes thrombosis
  • Causes anoxia
29
Q

Describe how cellular frostbite occurs.

A
  • Ice crystals form in extracellular space
  • Increases extracellular osmolality
  • Causes movement of water from intracellular space
  • Cell dehydration and death
30
Q

What is ‘Winter mortality’?

A

40% excess mortality in winter in the UK

31
Q

Why does winter mortality occur?

A
  • Partly due to increases in heart attacks and strokes following periods of cold weather
  • Increased vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity contribute
32
Q

How is heat production minimised in response to heat?

A
  • Decreased physical activity

- Decreased food intake

33
Q

How is heat loss increased in response to heat?

A
  • Vasomotor control
  • Sweating
  • Behavioural Responses
34
Q

Describe vasomotor control in response to heat.

A

Arteriolar dilation increases delivery of blood to the skin

35
Q

How does sweating occur?

A

Sympathetic cholinergic fibres increase evaporative heat loss

36
Q

What behavioural response to humans have to heat?

A
  • Increasing surface area
  • Removing clothing
  • Moving to shaded area
37
Q

Heat exhaustion (heat illness)

A

Body temperature raised in range 37.5-40 degrees

38
Q

What does heat exhaustion result in?

A

Vasodilation and drop in central blood volume

39
Q

What is heat exhaustion caused by?

A

A disturbance of the body’s fluid/salt balance

40
Q

What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?

A
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Nausea
  • Profuse sweating
  • Clammy skin
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Weak pulse
  • Fainting and collapse
41
Q

Heat stroke (heat injury)

A

Body temperature raised above 40 degrees

42
Q

Why doe heat stroke occur?

A

Body temperature control mechanism fails

43
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke?

A
  • Hot dry skin (sweating ceased)

- Circulatory collapse

44
Q

Who is most at risk of heat illness/injury?

A
  • Neonates & the elderly
  • People doing physical work in hot humid environments
  • Workers wearing non-breathable protective clothing
45
Q

What is the treatment for heat illness/injury?

A
  • Move to cool environment
  • Remove clothing
  • Fan
  • Sponge with tepid water
  • Give fluids (oral, intravenous)
46
Q

What is fever?

A

Part of the body’s mechanism for fighting infection

47
Q

What is fever caused by?

A

Endpgenous pyrogens (IL-1 and IL-6)

48
Q

What controls ‘set point’?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Why do aspirin and paracetamol reduce fever?

A
  • Endogenous pyrogens shift the set point
  • Caused by local production of prostaglandins by cyclo-oxygenase in the hypothalamus
  • Explains why aspirin & paracetamol reduce fever
50
Q

What type of fever is beneficial?

A

Mild

51
Q

What type of fever is dangerous?

A

Severe

Systems: Dermatology AB (11 decks)

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