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Health Assessment > Skin and Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Skin and Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Skin is waterproof, protective, and adaptive. Other functions?

A

Protection from environment, perception, temp regulation, identification, communication, wound repair, absorption and excretion, production of vit D

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2
Q

Skin in infants?

A

Temp regulation, hot and cold. Eccrine sweat glands are not effective initially. Subcutaneous tissue. Decrease in pigmentation.

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3
Q

Skin in children?

A

Epidermis thickens, darkens, and becomes lubricated. Hair growth accelerates.

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4
Q

Skin in adolescents?

A

Secretions from apocrine sweats glands, sebaceous glands increase. Subcutaneous fat deposits increase. Secondary sex characteristics: areola, pubic and axillary hair, facial hair on men

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5
Q

What happens to skin in the aging adult?

A

Loses elasticity, skin folds and sags. Decrease in number and function of sweat and sebaceous glands. Discoloration due to increasing capillary fragility: senile purpura. Cell replacement is slower and wound healing is delayed. Functioning melanocytes decrease, leading to gray fine hair.

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6
Q

Subjective info for the skin?

A

Previous history of disease, change in moles and pigmentation, excessive dryness or moisture, pruritus excessive bruising, rash or lesions, medications environmental or occupational hazards, self-care behaviors.

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7
Q

How do you inspect the skin?

A

General pigmentation, freckles, moles, birthmarks. Widespread color change, noting any color changes. Texture, turgor

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8
Q

If lesions are present, what should be noted?

A

Color, elevation, pattern or shape, size, location and distribution on body, any exudate. Use a Wood’s light.

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9
Q

Shapes and configurations of lesions?

A

Annular or circular, confluent, discrete, grouped, serpiginious, grate, target, linear, zosteriform

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10
Q

ABCDE skin assessment?

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Color mixture or change
Diameter greater than 6mm
Elevation, evolution, enlargement
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11
Q

The outer, highly differentiated layer of skin?
The inner, supportive layer made mostly of collagen?
The layer beneath?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

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12
Q

From the basal cell layer of skin, new cells migrate up and flatten into what outer layer? It consists of dead keratinized cells that are interwoven and tightly packed.

A

Horny cell layer

The epidermis is replaced every four weeks.

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13
Q

When does cyanosis occur?

A

It indicates hypoxemia and occur with shock, cardiac arrest, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, and congenital heart disease.

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14
Q

What does the pallor of shock often present with?

A

Rapid pulse rate, oliguria, apprehension, and restlessness.

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15
Q

Solid raised lesion that has distinct borders and is less than 1 cm in diameter.

A

Papule. May have a variety of shapes in profile (domed, flat-topped, umbilicated) and may be associated with secondary features such as crusts or scales.

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16
Q

Solid, raised, flat-topped lesion greater than 1 cm. in diameter. It is analogous to the geological formation, the plateau.

A

Plaque

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17
Q

Raised lesions less than 1 cm that are filled with clear fluid

A

Vesicle

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18
Q

Circumscribed clear- fluid-filled lesions that are greater than 1 cm. in diameter.

A

Bullae

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19
Q

Flat lesions on the skin less than 1 cm in size? Greater than 1 cm?

A

Macule

Patch

20
Q

A closed capsule or sac-like structure, usually filled with liquid, semisolid, or gaseous material.

A

Cyst. Usually occur within almost any type of the body’s tissue; they vary in size from microscopic to large structures that can displace internal organs.

21
Q

Circumscribed elevated lesions that contain pus. They are most commonly infected

A

Pustule

22
Q

What is jaundice and what does it occur with?

A

Rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood. First noted in the junction of the hard and soft palate in the mouth and in the sclera.
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle-cell disease, transfusion reaction, and hemolytic disease of the newborn.

23
Q

What does erythema occur with?

A

Polycythemia, venous stasis, carbon monoxide poisoning, extravascular presence of red blood cells.

24
Q

Profuse perspiration that accompanies an increased metabolic rate such as occurs in heavy activity or fever. What else can it occur with?

A

Diaphoresis. Thyrotoxicosis, heart attack, anxiety, pain.

25
Q

How does skin feel with hyper and hypothyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism skin feels smoother and softer, like velvet.
Hypothyroidism skin feels rough, dry, and flaky.

26
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, which is voluntary. Smooth and cardiac, which are involuntary.

27
Q

Explain synovial joints.

A

Most common, freely moving. Bones separated from each other and enclosed in a joint cavity filled with fluid that allows sliding of opposing surfaces.
Ankle, wrist, thumb, hip, knee, etc.

28
Q

Explain nonsynovial joints.

A

Consist of bones united by fibrous tissue or cartilage. Immovable. Cartilaginous joints.
Manubrium, sternum, spinal column, pubic symphysis.

29
Q

What subjective data should be asked about the musculoskeletal?

A

Joints, functional assessment, self-care behaviors, muscles, bones.

30
Q

Fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another bone that strengthen the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions.

A

Ligaments

31
Q

How to inspect for musculoskeletal?

A

The size and contour of joints, as well as the skin and tissues over the joints for color, swelling, and masses or deformity. Scoliomotor, movement, gait.

32
Q

Complete loss of contact between the two bones in a joint.

Two bones in a joint stay in contact, but their alignment is off.

A

Dislocation

Subluxation

33
Q

Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of joint.

Stiffness or fixation of a joint.

A

Contracture

Ankylosis

34
Q

What can possibly cause swelling in joints?

A

Excess joint fluid (effusion), thickening of the synovial lining, inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue (bursae, tendons), bony enlargement

35
Q

What to palate for musculoskeletal?

A

Skin temp, muscles, bony articulations, area of joint capsule.

36
Q

Disease inside the joint capsule that produces swelling and tenderness around the whole joint, limiting all planes of ROM in both active and passive motion

A

Articular disease. Arthritis, eg.

37
Q

Disease that involves injury to a specific tendon, ligament, or nerve. Produces swelling and tenderness to that one spot in the joint and affects only certain planes of ROM, especially during active/voluntary motion.

A

Extra-articular disease.

38
Q

Grades of muscle strength? Six of them including zero

A

5: Full ROM against gravity, no resistance; normal
4: Full ROM against gravity, some resistance; good
3: Full ROM with gravity, active; fair
2: Full ROM no gravity, passive; poor
1: Slight contraction; trace
0: No contraction; zero

39
Q

May cause limited ROM pain, and muscle spasm during abduction. Forward flexion stays fairly normal.

A

Rotator cuff lesions

40
Q

Measures joint movements and angles.

A

Goniometer

41
Q

How does edema mask skin color and pathologic conditions?

A

The fluid lies between the surface and the pigmented an vascular layers. It makes dark skin look lighter.

42
Q

Which spinous processes are prominent at the base of the neck?

A

C7 and T1

43
Q

The inferior angle of the scapulae is normally at the level of what?

A

The interstitial space between T7 and T8.

44
Q

An imaginary line connecting the highest point on each iliac crest crosses what?

A

L4

45
Q

An imaginary line joining the two symmetric dimples that overlie the posterior superior iliac spines crosses what?

A

Sacrum

Health Assessment (8 decks)

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