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Body Systems > Skin and Membranes > Flashcards

Skin and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classifications of body membranes?

A
  • Epithelial membranes - composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of connective tissue
  • Connective tissue membranes - composed largely of various types of connective tissue
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2
Q

What are the three types of epithelial membranes?

A
  • Cutaneous membrane - the skin
  • Serous membranes - simple squamous epithelium on a connective tissue basement membrane
  • Mucous membranes - line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior; produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the membranes soft and moist
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3
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes?

A

Parietal - lines walls of body cavity
Visceral - covers organs within body cavity

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Parietal and visceral layers line a fibrous sac around the heart and a visceral layer covers the heart wall

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5
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Parietal and visceral layers line the walls of the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs.

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6
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and visceral layers line walls of abdominal cavity and cover the organs in that cavity.

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7
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs.

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8
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum - serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the abdominal organs.

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9
Q

Describe connective tissue membranes.

A
  • Do not contain epithelial components
  • produce a lubricant called synovial fluid
  • examples are the synovial membranes lining the joint capsules that surround and attach the ends of articulating bones in moveable joints and in the lining of bursal sacs
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10
Q

What are the two primary layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis - outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin
  • Dermis - deeper and thicker of layer composed largely of connective tissue
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11
Q

Describe the layers of the epidermis.

A
  • Stratum germinativum - deepest layer of cells that continuously reproduce, and new cells move toward the surface
  • Stratum corneum - outermost layer of keratin filled cells
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12
Q

What is keratin?

A

A tough, waterproof protein that makes up the stratum corneum.

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13
Q

Where can you find pigment-producing melanocyte cells?

A

In the basal layer of the stratum germinativum.

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14
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Bluish colour of skin indicates decreased blood oxygen level.

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15
Q

Describe the dermal-epidermal junction.

A
  • glue-like layer between the dermis and epidermis
  • small bumps called dermal papillae help stabilize the junction
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16
Q

Describe the dermis.

A
  • deeper and thicker layer of the two primary skin layers
  • upper layer characterized by parallel rows of tiny bumps called dermal papillae
  • ridges and grooves form fingerprints
  • deeper reticular layer filled with collagen
  • contains nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and many blood vessels
17
Q

Describe subcutaneous tissue.

A
  • also called the superficial fascia or hypodermis
  • located deep to the dermis but is not part of the skin
  • loose fibrous and adipose (fat) tissue are prominent in this layer
18
Q

What is lanugo?

A

Soft hair of a fetus and newborn.

19
Q

What is the arrector pili?

A

Smooth muscle of the skin that produces ‘goose bumps’ and causes hair to stand up straight.

20
Q

What is the lunula?

A

White, crescent-shaped area of the nail.

21
Q

What are eccrine glands?

A

Sweat glands; most numerous, important and widespread; produce perspiration; body heat regulation

22
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A
  • primarily in axilla and genitalia
  • secretes thicker substance
  • breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor
23
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • secrete oil of sebum for hair and skin
  • secretion increases during adolescence
  • regulated by sex hormones
    -sebum by darken to form blackhead
24
Q

What are the five functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection - first line of defense against infection by microbes; UV rays from sun; harmful chemicals; cuts and tears
  • Temperature regulation - regulation of sweat secretion; regulation of blood flow through blood vessels close to the body surface
  • Sense organ activity - skin functions as an enormous sense organ; receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment
  • Excretion - sweat can rid the body of ions and wastes
  • Synthesis of vitamin D
25
Q

What causes skin cancer?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • sun’s UV radiation damages skin cell DNA, causing mutations and disruptions in mitosis
  • viral infection
26
Q

Describe Squamous cell carcinoma.

A
  • common type
  • slow growing
  • lesions begin as painless, hard, raised nodules
  • will metastasize
27
Q

Describe Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common type of skin cancer
  • originates in cells at base of epidermis; often on upper face
  • lesions begin as small raised areas that erode, bleed, and crust over
  • less likely to metastasize
28
Q

Describe Melanoma.

A
  • most serious form of skin cancer
  • may develop from benign, pigmented moles or excessive UV radiation
  • incidence increasing
  • ABCDE rule of self-examination
29
Q

Describe Kaposi sarcoma.

A
  • caused by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV)
  • purples papules on skin surface which quickly metastasize internally
30
Q

What is the “rule of nines”?

A

Way of estimating body surface area affected by burns.

31
Q

Describe a first degree burn.

A
  • partial thickness burn
  • only surface of epidermis involved
32
Q

Describe a second degree burn.

A
  • partial thickness burn
  • involves the deep epidermis and upper layers of the dermis
33
Q

Describe a third degree burn.

A
  • full thickness burn
  • complete destruction of epidermis and dermis
  • risk of infection increased
34
Q

Describe a fourth degree burn.

A
  • full thickness burn
  • extends to muscle or bone

Body Systems (14 decks)

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