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Body Systems > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support - provides framework; strong but flexible
  • Protection - protects soft tissues located within body cavities; red bone marrow produces red blood cells that protect the body from disease
  • Movement - muscles anchored to bones; muscles contract pulling on bones to move them
  • Storage - homeostasis of blood calcium; cavities in some bones store fat
  • Hematopoiesis - the process of blood cell formation is carried on in red bone marrow
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2
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A
  • Long bones (ex. arm)
  • Short bones (ex. carpals)
  • Flat bones (ex. skull)
  • Irregular bones (ex. vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones (ex. patella)
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3
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of a long bone; hollow tube made of hard, compact bone

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4
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow area in the diaphysis; contains soft, yellow bone marrow.

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5
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

Ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills small spaces in the spongy bone.

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6
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion.

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7
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone (except at joints).

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8
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity in long bones.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of flat bones.

A
  • Simpler structure than long bones
  • layer of cancellous bone between out layers of compact bone
  • cancellous layer called diploe
  • ex. sternum, ribs, many skull bones
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10
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A
  • Spongy bone
  • contains many spaces
  • cavities filled with red or yellow marrow
  • beams that form the lattice are called trabeculae
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11
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the body. Compact bone functions primarily to provide strength and protection to bones.

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12
Q

What is an osteon?

A
  • also called haversian systems
  • the cylindrical, functional units of bone
  • each circular and tubelike osteon is composed to calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers (like the rings of an onion)
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13
Q

What is a concentric lamella?

A

The circular rings of an osteon that surround the central canal.

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14
Q

What is the central canal?

A
  • Surrounded by the circular lamellae
  • contains blood vessels
  • central canals connected by transverse canals
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15
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A
  • Mature bone cells
  • Lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae
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16
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

Tiny passage ways that connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal.

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17
Q

What is a lacunae?

A

A space, or cavity in bone. Holds osteocytes.

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18
Q

Describe the structure of cartilage tissue.

A
  • cartilage is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes
  • chondrocytes produce large amounts of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, proteoglycan, and elastin fibers
    -there are no blood vessels in cartilage to supply the chondrocytes with nutrients
  • because of lack of blood vessels, cartilage rebuilds itself very slowly after injury
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19
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells.

20
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone reabsorbing cells.

21
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton.

22
Q

What is an epiphyseal plate?

A

A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

23
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

The direct deposition of bone on thin layers of connective tissue and is characteristic of the bones on the top of the skull.

24
Q

What bones form the cranium?

A
  • Frontal (forehead)
  • Parietal (bulging topsides)
  • Temporal (posterior sides)
  • Occipital (back of skull where spinal cord enters)
  • Sphenoid (central part of floor of cranium; location of pituitary)
  • Ethmoid (complicated bone that helps form floor of cranium, side walls and roof or nose and part of its middle partition)
25
Q

What bones form the face?

A
  • Nasal (small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose)
  • Maxilla (upper jaw bones)
  • Zygomatic (cheek bones)
  • Mandible (lower jaw bone)
  • Lacrimal (small bones; help form medial wall of eye socket and side wall of nasal cavity_
  • Palatine (posterior roof of mouth and floor and side walls of nose and part of floor or orbit)
  • Inferior nasal concha (form curved “ledge” along inside of side wall of nose)
  • Vomer (posterior nasal septum)
26
Q

What bones form the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus (hammer shape)
  • Incus (anvil shape)
  • Stapes ( stirrup shape)
27
Q

Where is the hyoid bone?

A
  • u-shaped bone in neck
  • not joined to any other bone
  • serves as an anchor for tongue muscles
28
Q

What are sinuses?

A

Spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones.

29
Q

What are the four pairs of sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxilla
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
30
Q

Where is the lambdoidal suture?

A

Joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone.

31
Q

Where are the squamous sutures?

A

Joins parietal bone to temporal bone and sphenoid bone.

32
Q

Where is the coronal suture?

A

Joins parietal bones with frontal bone.

33
Q

Where is the sagittal suture?

A

Joins parietal margins to each other.

34
Q

What are fontanels?

A

A space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed.

35
Q

Name the vertebrae of the spinal column.

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
  • Coccyx (fused bones)
36
Q

How many ribs are in the body?

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
    (true ribs - first 7)
    (false ribs - 8-10)
    (floating ribs - 11-12)
37
Q

Name the parts of the sternum.

A
  • Manubrium (breastbone)
  • Xiphoid process (piece of cartilage at lower end of sternum)
38
Q

Name the bones of the upper extremities.

A
  • Scapula (shoulder blade)
  • Clavicle (collar bone)
  • Humerus (long bone of the arm)
  • Radius and Ulna (bones of the forearm)
  • Carpals (8) (wrist bones)
  • Metacarpals (5) (hand bones)
  • Phalanges (14) (finger bones)
39
Q

Name the bones of the lower extremities.

A
  • Pelvic girdle (connects the legs to the trunk)
  • Coxal bones (2 large bones that attach to the sacrum)
  • Femur (thigh bone)
  • Patella (knee cap)
  • Tibia - (shinbone)
  • Fibula (slender, non-weight bearing, fragile leg bone)
  • Tarsals (14) (form ankle, heel, and posterior)
  • Metatarsals (10) (foot bones)
  • Phalanges (28) (toe bones)
40
Q

What are the three kinds of joints?

A
  • Synarthroses - a joint in which no significant movement occurs (such as in the skull)
  • Amphiarthroses - only slight movement possible (usually made of cartilage, like the vertebral discs)
  • Diarthroses -allow considerable movement
41
Q

Describe the parts and structure of diarthroses.

A
  • Joint capsule (the body’s strongest and toughest material - fibrous connective tissue - and is lined with synovial fluid)
  • Ligaments (cords or bands of strong, fibrous connective tissue, join bones together)
  • Articular cartilage (covers the joint ends of bones)
  • Synovial membrane (lines the joint cavity and secretes a lubricating fluid)
  • Bursa (pocket of fluid acts as a shock-absorbing cushion around the bones of the joint)
42
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

A ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone (ex. shoulder and hip joints)

43
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allow movement in two directions; flexion (bending), and extension (straightening) (ex. elbow, knee, fingers)

44
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Permits rotation (ex. head)

45
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Only one pair in the body; between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist.

46
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Least moveable diarthrotic joints; flat articulating surfaces (vertebrae)

47
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

A condyle (oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket (ex. the fit of the distal end of the radius into the depressions in the carpal bones)

Body Systems (14 decks)

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