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Week 8- SHANE > Skin and Integument Histology > Flashcards

Skin and Integument Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The integument is an organ consisting of

A

epithelium, connective tissue, glands and sensory receptors

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2
Q

What are the functions of integument?

A

barrier and protection against physical, chemical & biological agent

– maintains homeostasis by regulating temperature and water loss
– Tactile, pain, & temperature sensation

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3
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

thick and thin

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4
Q

Do thick and thin skin both have epidermis and dermis?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis classified as?

A

CT

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7
Q

Is the hypodermic part of the skin?

A

No. The hypodermis cushions and insulates the body.

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8
Q

What does the epidermis-dermis junction consist of?

A

dermal papillae and interpapillary pegs

epidermal protrusions - named interpapillary pegs - into the dermis create dermal papillae

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9
Q

The attachment of the epidermis to the basal lamina is made by what?

A

hemidesmosomes

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10
Q

The apical border of the epidermis forms what structure?

A

primary epidermal! ridges

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11
Q

What protrudes in the middle of a primary dermal ridge?

A

an interpapillary peg of the epidermis

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12
Q

What is the primary role of Dermal papillae – inter papillary pegs?

A

strengthen grip of epidermis to dermis

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13
Q

What can make the primary epidermal ridges deeper?

A

mechanical stress

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14
Q

What part of the skin is the source of fingerprint?

A

Primary epidermis ridges

They are genetically unique – no two people have the same fingerprint (dermatoglyphic – science of fingerprints)

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15
Q

Where are keratinocytes made?

A

basal layer of skin

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16
Q

What happens when keratinocytes migrate to the skin surface?

A

They are filled with keratin, die, and eventually slough off

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17
Q

What layer of the epidermis is closest to the dermis?

A

stratum basale

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18
Q

What kinds of cells are present in the stratum basale?

A

cuboidal to low columnar cells

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19
Q

Cells in the stratum basale are connected how?

A

interconnected by desmosomal

junctions.

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20
Q

Are cells in the stratum basale connected to the dermis?

A

Yes. has hemidesmosomal junctions with basal lamina.

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21
Q

Where does synthesis of lamellar bodies begin?

A

stratum basale

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22
Q

How many cell layers is the stratum basale?

A

single layer of mitotically active cells.

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23
Q

Directly on top of the stratum basale is what cell layer? How many cell layers is it?

A

stratum spinosum, the prickle cell layer

several cells thick

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24
Q

Adjacent cells of the stratum basale are connected by?

A

desmosomes (spines)

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25
Q

Cells in upper part s. spinosum begin to make what?

A

karatohyalin granules (which contribute to keratinization)

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26
Q

What cell layer lays directly above the s. spinosum?

A

the Stratum granulosum (aka the mature synthetic layer)

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27
Q

How many cell layers is the stratum granlosum?

A

1-3 layers

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28
Q

What do keratohyalin granules contain?

A

cystine and histidine-rich amino acids & precursors for filaggrin and trichohyalin

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29
Q

Appearance of granules is a clinical marker for final stage of what to occur?

A

apoptosis

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30
Q

What does Filaggrin do?

A

aggregates tonofibrils - turning granular cells into cornified cells – a process called keratinization

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31
Q

What is the role of Trichohyalin?

A

modulates the migration of keratinized cells into the s. corneum (takes 2-6 hrs)

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32
Q

What cell layer is directly superficial to the stratum granlosum?

A

stratum corneum (the surface layer of the skin)

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33
Q

What is Desquamation regulated by?

A

proteolytic degradation (serine pepidases) of cells’ desmosomes

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34
Q

What are the major epidermis differences in thin vs. thick skin?

A 
Thin skin has: 
•  no surface ridges
•  stratum corneum is thinner
–  typically no s. lucidum sublayer 
•  granule layer absent or poorly
defined
•  presence of pigment in thin skin
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35
Q

T or F. Thin skin has fewer dermal papillae & height of DP is reduced in thin skin

A

T

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36
Q

Does thick skin have hair?

A

No. Thin skin has hairs and sebaceous glands, thick skin doesn’t

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37
Q

What are the two components of the water barrier of the skin?

A

lipid envelope

cell envelope

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38
Q

What is the lipid envelope formed by?

A

produced by exocytosis of lamellar bodies from s. granulosum cells

lipids use ester bonds to attach to outer surface of cells in s. corneum

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39
Q

What is the cell envelope formed by?

A

made by cross- linking of insoluble proteins situated on the intracellular membrane of s. corneum cells (more superficial than the lipid envelope)

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40
Q

What proteins are responsible for making the cell envelope?

A

small proline-rich and larger LORICRIN proteins

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41
Q

What is the major cell type in the epidermis?
What is it’s role?
Do they regenerate?

A

Keratinocytes

provide protection against and enable physical wear and tear and supports water barrier

Yes

42
Q

What do melanocytes do in the epidermis?

A

provide UV protection and skin pigmentation

43
Q

What do Langerhan’s cells do in the epidermis?

A

provide immunologic protection

44
Q

What do Merkel cells do in the epidermis?

A

provide sensory reception

45
Q

Where are melanocytes found in the epidermis? What do they produce?

A

s. basale (migrate from neural crest)

melanin

NOTE: melanocytes have dendritic processes that extends from s. basal layer into stratum spinosum

46
Q

Where is melanin found in the s. basale layer?

A

found in membrane limited bodies called melanosomes

47
Q

Where do melanosomes come from?

A

come from Golgi as premelanosomnes (Premelanosomes do not become melanized until they reach the dendrites)

48
Q

How is melanin made?

A

made by oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase, then DOPA into melanin

49
Q

What stimulates melanin synthesis and secretion?

A

MSH

50
Q

What are the two kinds of melanin?

A

eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin

yellow red

51
Q

How does abundant pigmentation occur?

A
  • basal keratinocytes phagocytize the dendrite tips of melanocytes
  • The melanosomes take up positions on the “sunny side” of the nucleus and thus protect it from UV radiation
52
Q

Are melanocytes pigmented in H and E staining? Why?

A

No.

  • melanocytes do not have desmosomal connections with adj basal keratinocytes - so they shrink away from adjacent cells during prep
  • Because of shrinkage and the absence of melanin in the cell body, they are identified as clear cells
53
Q

Do dark and light skinned people have the same number of melanocytes?

A

Yes

54
Q

What accounts for skin color difference?

A

• In dark skin:
– more melanin is produced and transferred to keratinocytes
– the melanosomes are larger and there are more of them
– the melanosomes are more stable (degradation by lysosomes is slower)

NOTE: In dark skin melanin may be seen in the upper part of the spinous layer in addition to the basal layer. Comparatively, in light skin the melanin in the basal layer may be so sparse as to be not immediately obvious.”

55
Q

What happens during tanning?

A

At first there is a rapid darkening of existing pigment. Then, within a few days there is an increase in tyrosinase activity in melanocytes – producing more melanin

56
Q

What is a basal cell carcinoma?

A

basal cells proliferation and invade dermis
and hypodermis

least malignant but most common skin cancer (slow growing and rarely metastasize)

easily cured by excision

57
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • arisesfromstratumspinosum
  • a scaly reddened elevation
  • most common on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, and lower lip
  • grows rapidly, metastasizes early
  • can be cured by excision and/ or radiation if caught early
58
Q

What layer of the epidermis are langerhan’s cells found?

A

s. spinosum (has dendrites!)

59
Q

What is the role of langerhan’s cells?

A

are antigens-presenting cells as part of immune system”

– migrate from epidermis to nearby lymph nodes where they present antigen to T lymphocytes”

60
Q

What are langerhan cells derived from?

A

derived from stem cells in bone marrow

61
Q

What are Merkel cells and what layer of the epidermis are they found?

A

modified epidermal cells in the
s. basale layer

involved in sensory reception and stain clear

62
Q

The base of Merkel cells have what?

A

an expanded nerve terminal ending

63
Q

A nerve fiber + a Merkel cell is called?

A

a Merkel’s corpuscle (tactile sensory receptors)

64
Q

Which two layers of the epidermis originate there?

A

kartinocytes and Merkel’s

Langerhan’s and melanocytes migrate

65
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary layer is loose connective tissue

* Reticular layer is dense irregular CT

66
Q

What is the hypodermic composed of?

A

large amount of adipose tissue

67
Q

What kinds of fibers does the papillary layer of the dermis contain?

A

thin collagen (1 and III) and small elastic fibers.

– also contains capillaries & small blood vessels
– nerves and sensory receptors

NOTE: Reticular layer also contains courser collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels, but they are larger

68
Q

What are the two types of nerve endings in the integument?

A

free and encapsulated (enclosed in a

connective tissue capsule)

69
Q

Where do free nerve endings terminate?

A

s. granulosum (can terminate in s basale and spinosulum)

invlved in temp, pain and touch

70
Q

What are the four types of encapsulated nerve endings?

A

Pacinian corpuscle, Meissner corpuscle, Ruffini’s corpuscle, & Krause’s end bulb.

involved in light touch and roughness discrimination

71
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

dermal papillae (of thick skin) on fingers and toes

1 to 2 unmyelinated nerve fiber takes a circuitous route through stacks of flattened Schwann cells

72
Q

Describe Pacinian corpuscles

A

Encapsulated receptor in deep dermis or hypodermis, abundant in fingertips

• Fluid filled, concentric outer layers
(core) of fibroblasts and collagen fibers
• Concentric inner layers of Schwann cells
• A single nerve fiber penetrates to center

73
Q

What are some types of skin appendages?

A 
•  Hair follicles and hair
•  Finger nails
•  Sebaceous glands
•  Sweat glands
–  eccrine sweat glands 
–  apocrine sweat glands
74
Q

What are the three segments of a hair follicle?

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Isthmus
  • Inferior segment
75
Q

How do fair follicles develop?

A

Develop from invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis and hypodermis.

76
Q

Describe the formation of hair follicles.

A

• Beneath the surface of the skin, epidermis turns into external root sheath.
• The follicle expands at its base to form the bulb.
– Bulb is invaginated by dermal papilla.
– Cells surrounding the dermal papilla are called matrix cells, the germinative region of bulb.

The matrix cells then differentiate into the internal root stealth and hair

• Keratinization of the IRS and hair occurs in the keratogenous zone.
– IRS cells have trichohyalin, contribute to keratinization.
• The IRS does not emerge from the follicle. It is broken down at sebaceous gland canal
• Hair has a cortex and medulla.
• Surrounding the follicle is the dermal sheath, a dense irregular connective tissue.

77
Q

Notes on Follicular budge of external root sheath

A
  1. Provides stem cells for hair growth and internal root sheath and sebaceous glands
  2. Stem cells reprogram when the epidermis is injured or lost in extensive skin burns and superficial skin wounds and participate in the initial resurfacing of the wound
  3. Thearrectorpilimuscleis attached to follicular bulge
78
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A
  • Usually associated with hair follicles via pilosebaceous canal (but somethimes just discharge onto surface of epidermis)
  • are outgrowths from external root sheath of hair follicle
79
Q

What do sebaceous glands release?

A

A fatty material – sebum - composed of disintegrated cells (the entire cell is the secretion- aka a holocrine secretion)

Sebum coats hair and skin
– vapor barrier, reduces water loss
– protects skins from bacterial infections

80
Q

How does sebum typically reach hair follicles?

A

through the pilosebaceous canal

81
Q

T or F. Sebum production increases at puberty, decrease in older adults

A

T. It is involved in acne production

82
Q

Nails rest on what?

A

rests on nail bed, continuous with s. basale and spinosum of epidermis. Note, no s. granulosum in epithelia of nail bed

83
Q

What are the parts of a nail?

A

– Root: proximal part of nail overlapped by skin
– Matrix: the germinative zone, contains the 4 cell types found in epidermis
– Lunula: partially keratinized cells in underlying matrix

84
Q

What causes the hardness of nails?

A

high sulfur content

85
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands found?

A

distributed over the entire body surface except for the lips and part of the external genitalia.

86
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

limited to the axilla (armpit), areola and nipple of the mammary gland, and around the anus and the external genitalia.

87
Q

What are the contents of eccrine sweat gland secretions?

A

watery hypotonic sweat with mostly water, NaCl, and a small amount of protein, urea, and ammonia

NaCl is reabsorbed in the duct to reduce salt loss

88
Q

What are the two segments of eccrine sweat glands?

A

a secretory segment & a duct (these are both mostly in the dermis of the skin)

89
Q

What kind of epithelium does an eccrine sweat gland duct have?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

so does apocrine duct

90
Q

What are the three cell types in the secretory segment of an eccrine sweat gland and what do they do?

A

– Clear cells produce the watery component
– Dark cells produce glycoprotein
– Myoepithelial cells are involved in excretion

91
Q

Eccrine SGs are stimulated by what kind of transmitter?

A

cholinergic transmitters (plays role in temp regulation)

92
Q

Apocrine SGs are innervated by what kind of transmitter?

A

adrenergic

93
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands become functional?

A

puberty

94
Q

What are the contents of apocrine sweat gland secretions?

A

viscous fluid with protein, carbohydrate, ammonia, lipid, and organic compounds
– May contain pheromones

secretion odorless but gains odor when mixed with bacteria on skin surface

95
Q

Comparison of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

A
  • Secretory segment of apocrine SG is wider than eccrine SG segment
  • Eccrine SGs responds to heat (and stress), apocrine to emotional and sensory stimuli
  • Eccrine SGs are functional at birth, apocrine at puberty
  • Eccrine distribution over much of body, apocrine restricted.
  • Eccrine SG duct exits onto skin surface, apocrine SG duct exits into hair follicle.
  • Eccrine SGs are stimulated by cholinergic transmitters, which are usually associated w parasympathetic NS, but in this case the sympathetic NS
  • Apocrine SGs are stimulated adrenergic transmitters of the sympathetic NS
96
Q

A first degree burn is limited to what level of the skin?

A

epidermis (i.e. sunburn)

97
Q

A second degree burn is limited to what level of the skin?

A

damage tissue in the epidermis and upper region of the dermis

98
Q

A third degree burn is limited to what level of the skin?

A

injury extends down to the hypodermis usually require skin grafts

NOTE: Healing only occurs after first and second degree burns

99
Q

What are some consequences of severe burns?

A

loss of body fluids (including proteins and electrolytes)

leads to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

must replace lost fluids immediately

patient must be fed intravenously to provide the immense caloric need to fuel tissue repair

Infection - burned skin is sterile for around 24 hrs, then pathogens invade (and the immune system is depressed)

must cover the burned area with a graft (pig skin, cadaver skin, engineered skin etc.)

100
Q

What provide foci for regeneration of epidermis?

A

Hair follicles and sweat glands

101
Q

What is the eponychium of a nail?

A

or cuticle is the edge of the skin fold, which is hard keratin, that covers the root

102
Q

What is the Hyponychium of a nail?

A

thickened epidermal layer on the free edge of the nail plate

Week 8- SHANE (23 decks)

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