Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 8- SHANE > Hexose Phosphate Shunt and Hexose Metabolism > Flashcards

Hexose Phosphate Shunt and Hexose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in the fructose catabolism pathway?
What enzyme does this?
ATP dependent?
Any bi-products?

A

fructose to fruc-1-p by fructokinase using ATP hydrolysis

no bi-products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to fructose-1-p?
What enzyme does this?
ATP dependent?
Any bi-products?

A

converted to glyceraldehyde by aldolase B
no ATP
***bi-product: DHAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to glyceraldehyde?
What enzyme does this?
ATP dependent?

A

converted to glyceraldehyde-3-p by triose kinase using ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many ATPs are consumed in the fructose pathway?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does fructose metabolism primarily occur?

A

liver (and to some extent in the kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the isozymes of aldolase and where are they found?

Which ones act of fructose-1-p?

A

a- muscle
b- liver
c- brain

only B will recognize and act on fructose-1-p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which aldolase isozymes can act on fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

a and b (muscle and liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The pathway to synthesize fructose from glucose is called what?

A

polyol pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the steps of the polyol pathway?

A

1) D-glucose to sobitol using aldolase reductase (using NADPH using giving off NADP+ and H)
2) sorbitol to D-fructose using sorbital dehydrogenase (using NAD+ and making NADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is the polyol pathway commonly found?

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is essential fructosuria?

A

fructokinase deficiency, inherited

benign disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How could fructose directly enter glycolysis?

A

by phosphorylation by hexokinase to fru-6-p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hereditary fructose intolerance?

A

defect in aldolase B in liver

accumulation of fru-1-p is toxic

causes hypoglycemia by inhibiting glycolysis (ATP levels) so patients can’t do gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps of galactose metabolism?

A

1) galactose to galactose-1-p by galactokinase (using ATP)
2) galactose-1-p + UDP-glucose to UDP galactose + glc-1-p using galactose-1-p uridylyltransferase
3) UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose using UDP glucose epimerase
4) UDP-glucose recycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the net product of galactose metabolism?

A

glc-1-p and ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is nonclassical galactosemia do?

A

inhibits galactokinase activity

galactose accumulates

not as severe as classical

galactitol (derivative of galactose) may develop in lens of eyes causing cataracts

17
Q

What is classical galactosemia do?

A

inhibits galactokinase-1-p uridylyltransferase activity

18
Q

What is a main purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway? IMPORTANT

A

generating NADPH for tons of other rxns (like FA synthesis) and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis (only if there is a need for nucleotides at that time)

19
Q

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the cell?

A

cytosol

20
Q

What happens in the 1st stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

oxidative- generates 2 mol od NADPH per glc-6-p

21
Q

Is the first stage of the pentose phosphate pathway oxidative?

A

yes

22
Q

Is the second stage of the pentose phosphate pathway oxidative?

A

no.

23
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

ribose-5-phosphate is generated

24
Q

Notes on the oxidative stage of pentose pathway

A

There are several intermediates but just know that NADPH is generated on the first step (glu-6-p conversion) and CO2 is released in the last step (ribulose-5-p synthesis)

25
Q

What part of the pentose/phosphate pathway is NADPH generated on?

A

conversion of glc-6-p to 6-phosphogluconlactone by glucose-6-p dehydrogenase

This is the rate limiting step of the pathway!!

26
Q

Why is conversion of glc-6-p to 6-phosphogluconlactone by glucose-6-p dehydrogenase the rate limiting step of the pentose-phosphate pathway?

A

because it is strongly (negatively) regulated by NADPH levels

feedback-inhibition

27
Q

What is the main point behind the non-oxidative portion of the pentose-phosphate pathway?

A

it is flexible. if nucleotides are needed, ribose-5-p is made. If not, intermediates are reconverted to fru-6-p and G3P and

the rxns are REVERSIBLE

28
Q

If the cell needs NADPH only, what are the oxidative and non oxidative parts of the PPP doing?

A

oxidative- makes ribulose-5-p to generate NADPH

non-oxidative- ribulose converted to fru-6-p (and G3P) which is reconverted to glu-6-p to make more NADPH by going through the oxidative stage again

29
Q

If the cell needs NADPH and ribose-5-p, what are the oxidative and non oxidative parts of the PPP doing?

A

oxidative- makes ribulose-5-p to generate NADPH

non-oxidative- isomerase converts ribulose-5-p to ribose-5-p

30
Q

If the cell needs ribose-5-p only (i.e. NADPH levels are high), what are the oxidative and non oxidative parts of the PPP doing?

A

oxidative- glc-6-p dehydrogenase is inhibited by high levels of NADPH

non-oxidative- transketolase and transaldolase are used to convert fru-6-p and G3P to ribose-5-p

31
Q

If the cell needs NADPH and pyruvate, what are the oxidative and non oxidative parts of the PPP doing?

A

oxidative- on and making NADPH and ribulose-5-p

non-oxdative- ribulose-5-p converted to fru-6-p and G3P to make pyruvate

32
Q

If ribulose-5-p is acted on by an isomerase, what happens?

A

ribose-5-p is made for nucleotide production

33
Q

If ribulose-5-p is acted on by an epimerase, what happens?

A

xylulose-5-p is made to be converted to fru-6-p and G3P for glycolysis

remember that these pathways are reversible

34
Q

What glucose-6-p dehydrogenase deficiency result in? Walk through the steps

A

1) G6P dehydrogenase makes NADPH
2) NADPH is needed to reduce glutathione, which is critical for removing reactive oxygen species by donating hydrogen
3) so accumulation (caused by the deficiency) of reactive oxygen species causes hemolysis due to aggregation of hemoglobin near the plasma membrane which contributes to hemalytic anemia (also damages plasma membrane)

so this type of disease affects RBCs the most

35
Q

What causes increased levels of H2O2?

A

oxidant stress, infections, drugs, fava beans

36
Q

How does metformin work against hyperglycemia?

A

it inhibits gluconeogenesis by inhibiting fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activtity

37
Q

Why is metformin considered the first line treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

it doesn’t stimulate hypoglycemia or trigger weight gain

38
Q

How does sulfanouria work against hyperglycemia?

A

in increases insulin release from B pancreatic cells

Week 8- SHANE (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions