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skin and fascia Flashcards

1
Q

skin surface area in adult

A

1.5-2 sq metres

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2
Q

% area of skin in adults

A

9% in head and neck, each upper limb.
18% front of the trunk and back with buttocks
18% of each lower limb
1%peritoneum

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3
Q

pigments in skin are

A 
melanin
melanoid
carotene 
hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
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4
Q

melanin is present in

A

germinative zone of epidermis

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5
Q

melanoid is present in

A

throughout epidermis

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6
Q

carotene is present in

A

fat cells of dermis and superficial fascia

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7
Q

oxyhemoglobin is present in

A

cutaneous vessels

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8
Q

thickness of skin

A

0.5-3mm

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9
Q

epidermis

A

it is the superficial layer, avascular, made up of stratified squamous epithelium
it is derived from ectoderm and make skin appendages
like hair, nail sweat glands and sebaceous gland

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10
Q

epidermis is made up of a deep

A

germinative zone

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11
Q

germinative zone of epidermis comprisis of

A 
stratum Basale
stratum spinosum 
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
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12
Q

name the cells present in germinative zone

A
  1. dopa positive melanocytes (melanoblast, dendritic cells and clear cells) neural crest cell origin
  2. langerhans cells (phagocytic in nature)
  3. merkels cells (sensory cells present in stratum Basale)
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13
Q

dermis

A

dermis is vascular layer derived from mesoderm present beneath the epidermis
it contains connective tissue with variable elastic fibers with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic nerves

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14
Q

the connective tissue of dermis contains what layer

A

superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer

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15
Q

what does the papillary layer of dermis forms

A

it forms conical, blunt projections that fit into the reciprocal depression undersurface of epidermis.

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16
Q

what does the reticular layer of dermis contains

A

white fibrous tissues arranged in parallel bundles

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17
Q

parallel bundles of reticular layer of dermis

A

these make the flexure or cleavage lines that are longitudinal in limbs and horizontal in trunk and neck area

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18
Q

how does scar formation takes place in demris

A

rupture of fibers due to over stretching (linea gravidarum)

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19
Q

why skin gets wrinkles

A

atrophy of elastic fibers

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20
Q

dermis is the real skin becasue

A

when dried it makes green hide and when tanned it makes leather

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21
Q

surface irregularties of skin

A
  1. tension lines
  2. flexor lines
  3. papillary ridges
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22
Q

tension lines are

A

network of furrows that divide the surface into polygonal areas, it usually corresponds to the pattern of fibers in the dermis.

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23
Q

flexor lines

A

certain permanent lines along which the skin folds due to habitual movements of joints

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24
Q

papillary ridges

A

are confined to palms and soles of digits. they work narrow ridges separated by parallels groove arranged in curved array. they corresponds to dermal papillae

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25
pattern of human finger prints
loops, whorls and arches
26
fingerprints are determined by
genetically by multifactorial inheritance
27
Nail
nail is hardened keratin plate on the dorsal surface of the tips of fingers and toes, acting as a rigid support for digitall pads of terminal phalanges.
28
parts of the nail
root body and free border
29
root of nail
root of the nail is proximal hidden part of the nail buried in the nail groove and overlapped by the nail fold
30
body of nail
it is the exposed part of the nail which is connected to the underlying skin
31
free border of nail
the part of the nail which is free from skin and is atached to under surface by hyponychium
32
white opaque crescent present where on nail and is called what
proximal part of nail body and is called lunule and it over lapped by a fold of skin called EPONYCHIUM
33
WHAT IS EPONYCHIUM
lunule overlapped by skin fold called eponychium
34
nail bed
( germinative and corium ) skin undefr the nail root and body is called as nail bed
35
the germinative zone of nail bed under nail root a lunule is
proliferative and thick
36
why translucent body of nail is pink
corium is very vascular.
37
Hair
filamentous keratin invagination of germinative layer of epidermis into the dermis
38
hair is everywhere in body EXCEPT:
palms, soles, umbilicus, glans penis, dorsal surface of distal phalanges, labia minora, inner surface of labia majora
39
layers of innermost shaft
medulla | cortex and cuticle
40
innermost medulla layers of shaft of hair
made up of cells with eleidin granules and sir spaces
41
innermost cortex of shaft of hair
elongated cells with melanin
42
innermost cuticle of shaft of the hair
flat keratinized cells
43
the root of hair is surrounded by
hair follicle
44
hair bulb
the expanded distal end of hair follicle is bulb
45
hair bulb in invaginated by
hair papilla (vascular connective tissue )
46
wall of the follicle comprises of
inner root sheath outer root sheath connective tissue
47
inner most sheath of follicle
beginning of the shaft
48
outer most layer of hair follicle
continuous with the epidermis and shows most of the epidermis
49
connective tissue of hair follicle
derived from dermis
50
what muscles connect the follicle to the superficial layer or dermis
arrectores pilorum
51
where are arrector pili muscles are not present
axillae, eyebrow, eyelashes, face and external auditory meatus
52
primary hair in fetus is called
lanugo
53
secondary hair after birth
vellus
54
sweat glands and where is it present except
present everywhere except, glans penis, nail bed and lips. 2 types of sweat glands eccrine and apocrine
55
explain gland body and duct
coiled part in the subcutaneous layer is body and the straight part that projects thru dermis or epidermis unto the surface is duct
56
location of eccrine glands
groin and axillae, most common in palms and soles least comment in neck and back
57
eccrine gland nature
merocrine in nature, watery thin secretion
58
nervous control of eccrine gland
cholinergic sympathetic nerves
59
function of eccrine glands
temperature regulation and excretion of body salts. panting in dogs
60
location of apocrine gland
axillae, perianal region, nipple and areolar area of breast and external genitalia
61
structure of apocrine gland and secretion
produce thick secretion, larger in size the eccrine gland, secretion have specific odor and close association with hair and their ducts open into the hair follicle
62
modified apocrine gland
ceruminous gland of external auditory meatus
63
nervous control of apocrine gland
dual autonomic control
64
functions of apocrine gland
in animals they release chemical signals or hormones for social behavior
65
loss of water in one day on avg and how
1 liter of sweat, 400ml through lungs, 100 ml through feces total 1500ml
66
sebaceous gland
are present all over the dermis except palm and soles
67
location of sebaceous glands
face, scalp, anus, around nose and lips
68
structure of sebaceous glands
small made up of 2-3 clusters of piriform alveoli, they open into the hair follicle usually
69
sebaceous gland that doesn't open into hair follicles but unto the surface are:
labia minora, inner surface of prepuce, lips glans penis, nipple and areolar area of breast and tarsal glands of eye
70
nature of sebaceous glands
holocrine in nature, produce secretions by degeneration of fats of the central cells of alveolus which are replaced by proliferating peripheral cells
71
nervous control of sebaceous gland
hormonal control (androgens)
72
function of sebaceous glands
lubrication of skin, protection from UV rays, protects hair from getting brittle bactericidal action makes skin waterproof
73
blood supply of dermis and epidermis
dermis is vascular whereas epidermis is avascular so it gets nourishment through diffusion specially through stratum basale
74
nerve supply in skin
1. free nerve endings for perception of pain 2. merkles disk at the end of merkles cells in stratum basale acting as mechanoreceptors 3. meissners corpuscles acting as mechanoreceptors in dermal papillae 4. pacinian corpuscles acting as pressure receptors 5. Krause end bulb and ruffini's endings for cold and hot receptors.
75
superficial fascia
it makes the coating of body beneath the skin it is lose connective tissue that fills up the areolar spaces with varying amounts of fat.
76
distribution of fat in fascia
fat is abundant in gluteal region, front of thighs, anterior abdominal wall below umbilicus, mammary gland and cervicothoracic region.
77
fat is absent from
external ear, penis and scrotum
78
fat fills what hollow spaces?
axillae, orbital, ischiorectal fossa
79
superficial fascia is most distinctive in
lower part of anterior abdominal wall, perineum and the limbs
80
thin superficia; fascia is present in
dorsal side of hands feet, sides of neck face and around the anus
81
thick superficial fascia is present in
scalp, palms and soles
82
superficial fascia contains
1. deeply located sweat glands 2. mammary glands 3. nerves and vessels in cutaneous glands 4. localized group of lymph nodes 5. subcutenous muscles of face (muscles of facial expression, neck (platysma) and scrotum ( dartos)
83
deep fascia
inelastic fibrous sheet, devoid of fat present beneath the superficial fascia
84
deep fascia is present in
limbs where it makes tough tight sleeves and in neck where it makes collar
85
where deep fascia is not present
in the trunk and face
86
important features of deep fascia
extensions, thickenings and interruptions
87
extensions of deep fascia
intermuscular septa which divide the limb into compartments | fibroareolar sheath for muscles, vessels and nerves
88
thickenings of deep fascia
retinacula around certain joints like wrist and ankle | palmer and plantar aponeuroses for protection of nerves and vessels
89
interruptions of deep fascia
in the deep fascia of subcutaneous bone.
90
neurovascular hilium
the hair bulb in invagnated with the help of hair papillae which is vascular connective tissue and it makes the neurovascular hilum of the hair and the sheath

Anatomy (4 decks)

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