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Anatomy > skin and fascia > Flashcards

skin and fascia Flashcards

1
Q

skin surface area in adult

A

1.5-2 sq metres

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2
Q

% area of skin in adults

A

9% in head and neck, each upper limb.
18% front of the trunk and back with buttocks
18% of each lower limb
1%peritoneum

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3
Q

pigments in skin are

A 
melanin
melanoid
carotene 
hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
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4
Q

melanin is present in

A

germinative zone of epidermis

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5
Q

melanoid is present in

A

throughout epidermis

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6
Q

carotene is present in

A

fat cells of dermis and superficial fascia

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7
Q

oxyhemoglobin is present in

A

cutaneous vessels

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8
Q

thickness of skin

A

0.5-3mm

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9
Q

epidermis

A

it is the superficial layer, avascular, made up of stratified squamous epithelium
it is derived from ectoderm and make skin appendages
like hair, nail sweat glands and sebaceous gland

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10
Q

epidermis is made up of a deep

A

germinative zone

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11
Q

germinative zone of epidermis comprisis of

A 
stratum Basale
stratum spinosum 
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
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12
Q

name the cells present in germinative zone

A
  1. dopa positive melanocytes (melanoblast, dendritic cells and clear cells) neural crest cell origin
  2. langerhans cells (phagocytic in nature)
  3. merkels cells (sensory cells present in stratum Basale)
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13
Q

dermis

A

dermis is vascular layer derived from mesoderm present beneath the epidermis
it contains connective tissue with variable elastic fibers with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic nerves

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14
Q

the connective tissue of dermis contains what layer

A

superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer

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15
Q

what does the papillary layer of dermis forms

A

it forms conical, blunt projections that fit into the reciprocal depression undersurface of epidermis.

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16
Q

what does the reticular layer of dermis contains

A

white fibrous tissues arranged in parallel bundles

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17
Q

parallel bundles of reticular layer of dermis

A

these make the flexure or cleavage lines that are longitudinal in limbs and horizontal in trunk and neck area

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18
Q

how does scar formation takes place in demris

A

rupture of fibers due to over stretching (linea gravidarum)

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19
Q

why skin gets wrinkles

A

atrophy of elastic fibers

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20
Q

dermis is the real skin becasue

A

when dried it makes green hide and when tanned it makes leather

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21
Q

surface irregularties of skin

A
  1. tension lines
  2. flexor lines
  3. papillary ridges
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22
Q

tension lines are

A

network of furrows that divide the surface into polygonal areas, it usually corresponds to the pattern of fibers in the dermis.

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23
Q

flexor lines

A

certain permanent lines along which the skin folds due to habitual movements of joints

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24
Q

papillary ridges

A

are confined to palms and soles of digits. they work narrow ridges separated by parallels groove arranged in curved array. they corresponds to dermal papillae

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25
Q

pattern of human finger prints

A

loops, whorls and arches

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26
Q

fingerprints are determined by

A

genetically by multifactorial inheritance

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27
Q

Nail

A

nail is hardened keratin plate on the dorsal surface of the tips of fingers and toes, acting as a rigid support for digitall pads of terminal phalanges.

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28
Q

parts of the nail

A

root
body
and free border

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29
Q

root of nail

A

root of the nail is proximal hidden part of the nail buried in the nail groove and overlapped by the nail fold

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30
Q

body of nail

A

it is the exposed part of the nail which is connected to the underlying skin

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31
Q

free border of nail

A

the part of the nail which is free from skin and is atached to under surface by hyponychium

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32
Q

white opaque crescent present where on nail and is called what

A

proximal part of nail body and is called lunule and it over lapped by a fold of skin called EPONYCHIUM

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33
Q

WHAT IS EPONYCHIUM

A

lunule overlapped by skin fold called eponychium

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34
Q

nail bed

A

( germinative and corium ) skin undefr the nail root and body is called as nail bed

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35
Q

the germinative zone of nail bed under nail root a lunule is

A

proliferative and thick

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36
Q

why translucent body of nail is pink

A

corium is very vascular.

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37
Q

Hair

A

filamentous keratin invagination of germinative layer of epidermis into the dermis

38
Q

hair is everywhere in body EXCEPT:

A

palms, soles, umbilicus, glans penis, dorsal surface of distal phalanges, labia minora, inner surface of labia majora

39
Q

layers of innermost shaft

A

medulla

cortex and cuticle

40
Q

innermost medulla layers of shaft of hair

A

made up of cells with eleidin granules and sir spaces

41
Q

innermost cortex of shaft of hair

A

elongated cells with melanin

42
Q

innermost cuticle of shaft of the hair

A

flat keratinized cells

43
Q

the root of hair is surrounded by

A

hair follicle

44
Q

hair bulb

A

the expanded distal end of hair follicle is bulb

45
Q

hair bulb in invaginated by

A

hair papilla (vascular connective tissue )

46
Q

wall of the follicle comprises of

A

inner root sheath
outer root sheath
connective tissue

47
Q

inner most sheath of follicle

A

beginning of the shaft

48
Q

outer most layer of hair follicle

A

continuous with the epidermis and shows most of the epidermis

49
Q

connective tissue of hair follicle

A

derived from dermis

50
Q

what muscles connect the follicle to the superficial layer or dermis

A

arrectores pilorum

51
Q

where are arrector pili muscles are not present

A

axillae, eyebrow, eyelashes, face and external auditory meatus

52
Q

primary hair in fetus is called

A

lanugo

53
Q

secondary hair after birth

A

vellus

54
Q

sweat glands and where is it present except

A

present everywhere except, glans penis, nail bed and lips. 2 types of sweat glands eccrine and apocrine

55
Q

explain gland body and duct

A

coiled part in the subcutaneous layer is body and the straight part that projects thru dermis or epidermis unto the surface is duct

56
Q

location of eccrine glands

A

groin and axillae, most common in palms and soles least comment in neck and back

57
Q

eccrine gland nature

A

merocrine in nature, watery thin secretion

58
Q

nervous control of eccrine gland

A

cholinergic sympathetic nerves

59
Q

function of eccrine glands

A

temperature regulation and excretion of body salts. panting in dogs

60
Q

location of apocrine gland

A

axillae, perianal region, nipple and areolar area of breast and external genitalia

61
Q

structure of apocrine gland and secretion

A

produce thick secretion, larger in size the eccrine gland, secretion have specific odor and close association with hair and their ducts open into the hair follicle

62
Q

modified apocrine gland

A

ceruminous gland of external auditory meatus

63
Q

nervous control of apocrine gland

A

dual autonomic control

64
Q

functions of apocrine gland

A

in animals they release chemical signals or hormones for social behavior

65
Q

loss of water in one day on avg and how

A

1 liter of sweat, 400ml through lungs, 100 ml through feces total 1500ml

66
Q

sebaceous gland

A

are present all over the dermis except palm and soles

67
Q

location of sebaceous glands

A

face, scalp, anus, around nose and lips

68
Q

structure of sebaceous glands

A

small made up of 2-3 clusters of piriform alveoli, they open into the hair follicle usually

69
Q

sebaceous gland that doesn’t open into hair follicles but unto the surface are:

A

labia minora, inner surface of prepuce, lips glans penis, nipple and areolar area of breast and tarsal glands of eye

70
Q

nature of sebaceous glands

A

holocrine in nature, produce secretions by degeneration of fats of the central cells of alveolus which are replaced by proliferating peripheral cells

71
Q

nervous control of sebaceous gland

A

hormonal control (androgens)

72
Q

function of sebaceous glands

A

lubrication of skin, protection from UV rays, protects hair from getting brittle
bactericidal action
makes skin waterproof

73
Q

blood supply of dermis and epidermis

A

dermis is vascular whereas epidermis is avascular so it gets nourishment through diffusion specially through stratum basale

74
Q

nerve supply in skin

A
  1. free nerve endings for perception of pain
  2. merkles disk at the end of merkles cells in stratum basale acting as mechanoreceptors
  3. meissners corpuscles acting as mechanoreceptors in dermal papillae
  4. pacinian corpuscles acting as pressure receptors
  5. Krause end bulb and ruffini’s endings for cold and hot receptors.
75
Q

superficial fascia

A

it makes the coating of body beneath the skin it is lose connective tissue that fills up the areolar spaces with varying amounts of fat.

76
Q

distribution of fat in fascia

A

fat is abundant in gluteal region, front of thighs, anterior abdominal wall below umbilicus, mammary gland and cervicothoracic region.

77
Q

fat is absent from

A

external ear, penis and scrotum

78
Q

fat fills what hollow spaces?

A

axillae, orbital, ischiorectal fossa

79
Q

superficial fascia is most distinctive in

A

lower part of anterior abdominal wall, perineum and the limbs

80
Q

thin superficia; fascia is present in

A

dorsal side of hands feet, sides of neck face and around the anus

81
Q

thick superficial fascia is present in

A

scalp, palms and soles

82
Q

superficial fascia contains

A
  1. deeply located sweat glands
  2. mammary glands
  3. nerves and vessels in cutaneous glands
  4. localized group of lymph nodes
  5. subcutenous muscles of face (muscles of facial expression, neck (platysma) and scrotum ( dartos)
83
Q

deep fascia

A

inelastic fibrous sheet, devoid of fat present beneath the superficial fascia

84
Q

deep fascia is present in

A

limbs where it makes tough tight sleeves and in neck where it makes collar

85
Q

where deep fascia is not present

A

in the trunk and face

86
Q

important features of deep fascia

A

extensions, thickenings and interruptions

87
Q

extensions of deep fascia

A

intermuscular septa which divide the limb into compartments

fibroareolar sheath for muscles, vessels and nerves

88
Q

thickenings of deep fascia

A

retinacula around certain joints like wrist and ankle

palmer and plantar aponeuroses for protection of nerves and vessels

89
Q

interruptions of deep fascia

A

in the deep fascia of subcutaneous bone.

90
Q

neurovascular hilium

A

the hair bulb in invagnated with the help of hair papillae which is vascular connective tissue and it makes the neurovascular hilum of the hair and the sheath

Anatomy (4 decks)

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